Many inhabitants of our planet believe that the city of Syracuse (Syracuse) is located in Greece. But its actual location is Italy, although at one time it was actually ruled by the Greeks. The letter “y” at the end of the name of the locality also came from them, and it was in this city that Archimedes, Plato lived and worked, and Aeschylus staged his masterpieces. Therefore, despite the fact that Syracuse is an Italian place, it can rightfully be considered a Greek heritage.
There's no escaping history
Syracuse (the landmarks and the oldest part of the settlement) was located on the island of Ortigia. But this city grew at an incredibly high rate and quickly became the largest settlement in all of Sicily. At its peak, Syracuse had five quarters, ruins of buildings from ancient times (the altar of Zeus Eleutherio, the Greek theater, quarries, the Roman amphitheater and the tomb of Archimedes). All these outstanding places are overwhelmingly located in the quarter called Neapolis.
Already in the 5th century BC, Syracuse bore the title of the largest. This metropolis was also one of the most influential settlements in the entire Mediterranean. Syracuse was ruled by many rulers. But the most famous is the despot Dionysius I. He ruled the city for almost 40 years. And the glory of Dionysius I was brought by his bestial cruelty and pathological suspicion. As legends say, the satrap, seeing a sharp razor in the hands of a barber, ordered the man to be crucified, because he decided that this object could kill the ruler.
At one time, the greatest of mathematicians, Archimedes, worked and lived in this city. Syracuse, whose attractions are something unforgettable, boasts the Piazza Archimedes, a square named after the scientist. The 75-year-old mathematician was responsible for the technical side of the defense during military confrontations with the Romans and the months-long siege of Syracuse. According to historians, at this time Archimedes put into practice some machines that he himself had invented.
After all these events, the city lost its significance. And after the Arabs moved the capital of the island of Syracuse to Palermo, it turned into a provincial provincial town.
Cave in the shape of an ear
If you don’t know what to see in Syracuse, then our advice is to start your excursion by visiting the Ear of Dionysius. It is a limestone artificial cave, which was carved out of the Temenite rocks. The strange name of the object comes from the fact that it is shaped like a human ear.
Most likely, this attraction was formed where there once was an ancient quarry. Syracuse was famous throughout the world for such quarries. The height of the cave reaches 23 meters. And the depth of the rock is 65 meters long. Looking at the Ear of Dionysius from a helicopter, you will notice that the curve of the cave resembles the letter S. And the entrance here looks like a drop. Thanks to this shape, the cave has unsurpassed acoustics. Even the quiet whisper of visitors will be heard throughout its territory. The Syracuse landmarks map will show you where this unrivaled site is located.
in Syracuse
You can't visit Syracuse without seeing the city's Cathedral. After all, this object is considered the pearl of a magnificent local square. This temple was the richest place in Ancient Greece. And therefore it was not a big surprise that the temple was robbed more than once. In the first century BC, the greatest damage was caused to the church of the city of Syracuse. Fortunately, the sights, photos of which are presented in our article, have been preserved. Residents are proud that such a majestic architectural monument is located on the territory of their city.
Using the example of the Cathedral, you can get acquainted with the features of Italian church architecture.
in Italy
Syracuse, the sights of which we are considering, is known for the fact that the Greeks lived here. And there are many objects in the city that prove this truth. One of these is the Greek theater - a grandiose monument reminiscent of the era of Antiquity. Its creator was a satrap named Jelon. And Domokolos became the architect. The theater, like the Ear of Dionysius, was carved out of the Temenite rock. People's meetings were held there, comedies and tragedies were staged. Even today, classical performances are shown here every two years by the National Institute of Ancient Drama.
All museums museum
Every city has a museum that is definitely worth a visit. Syracuse (Sicily), whose attractions are mainly ancient sites, also has one. And its name is the Palazzo Bellomo Museum. It is located on the island of Ortigia. The establishment was opened back in the late 40s of the last century, but only 30 years later it was finally staffed. Today, among the museum exhibits are the sarcophagi of Giovanni Cabastida and Giovanni Cardenas. Palazzo Bellomo looks like a magnificent palace that was built in the 13th-14th centuries. The building has a long history, but it was turned into a museum only in the middle of the last century.
A few words in parting
Syracuse (its attractions in particular) will leave a lasting impression on every traveler. And even though this city today is quite small (its population is approximately 120 thousand people), it is simply overflowing with various archaeological and cultural sites. All of them witnessed one era or another. And today these outstanding places tell every person the story of their life, making the soul tremble and the heart beat strongly.
“Syracuse is the largest of the Greek cities and the most beautiful in the world; it really is. Their high location not only contributes to their safety, but also has the consequence that the city from all sides, both land and sea, presents a very beautiful sight. Its harbors are inside the city limits and are partly surrounded by buildings; opening in two opposite directions, they merge at their inner corners, as a result of which that part of the city, which is called the Island, is separated by a narrow strait from the mainland, with which a bridge connects it.”
By car
From peninsular Italy: motorway A3 Salerno-Reggio Calabria, exit at Villa San Giovanni: ferry to Messina departs from here. From Messina take the A18 highway to Catania, then the Catania-Siracusa highway.
By bus
Information about flights on the websites of AST (www.aziendasicili anatrasporti.it) and Interbus (www.interbus.it).
On a ferryboat
The closest port to Syracuse is Catania, but you can also get to the city from Palermo, Genoa, Naples, and Livorno.
Where to stay in Syracuse?
Church of Santa Lucia alla Badia
Chiesa di Santa Lucia alla Badia
Address: Via Pompeo Picherali, 4
Another beautiful church located in Piazza Duomo is the Church of Santa Lucia, the patron saint of the city, in whose honor Syracuse celebrates every year on the first Sunday in May.
The church was founded in the 15th century by order of Queen Isabella, wife of Ferdinand of Castile, on the site where Saint Lucia was martyred in the 4th century. During the earthquake in 1693, the church was completely destroyed, but 2 years later it was restored.
The temple was built in different styles: the lower part of the church is Baroque, the upper part is built in the Rococo style.
Church of Santa Lucia alla Badia. Photo by Thinkstock
The inside of the church is covered with frescoes depicting the life story of Saint Lucia. The church houses Caravaggio's work "The Burial of Saint Lucia".
Previously, there was a monastery adjacent to the temple, which was also destroyed during the earthquake and, unfortunately, was never rebuilt. Today, all that remains is one wall and a staircase leading to the meeting room, the room where the monks met with lay visitors.
Church of Santa Lucia al Sepolcro
Chiesa di Santa Lucia al Sepolcro
Address: Via L. Bignami, 1
Another church, dedicated to the patron saint of the city, was built in the 12th century on the site of a Byzantine basilica destroyed by the Arabs. The architecture of the cathedral underwent three modifications - in the 14th, 17th and 18th centuries.
The baroque decoration of the church's interior dates back to the Aragonese period. Previously, Caravaggio’s “The Burial of Saint Lucia”, 1608, was kept behind the altar of the church, which, after a series of restoration works, was moved to the Palazzo Belomo museum, and later to the church of Santa Lucia alla Badia.
In the 17th century, next to the church above the place of the original burial of Saint Lucia, it was decided to build a chapel dedicated to the saint. Until the 11th century, the relics of Lucia rested in the early Christian catacombs (under the church of Santa Lucia fuori le mura, where access is now closed), until the Byzantine commander George Maniac ordered the tomb to be broken open and the relics taken to Constantinople. Despite this, the residents of Syracuse continue to venerate the saint’s burial place. In 1634, the architect Giovanni Vermexio erected an octagonal chapel above this place and built an altar directly in front of the broken tomb of the saint.
Sculpture of the dying Saint Lucia on the altar of the chapel. Photo by Thinkstock
Catacombs of St. John
Address: Via di San Sebastiano. Tue-Sun 9.00-12.30, 14.30-16.30. Photography is prohibited.
Catacombe Di San Giovanni dates back to the 4th century and testifies to the important role of Syracuse in the era of the spread of Christianity. In terms of size, the catacombs of Syracuse are in second place after those of Rome. Next to the catacombs is the ruined Church of St. John the Evangelist in the Byzantine style.
In this temple in 254, the first bishop of the city, Saint Marcian, suffered martyrdom.
Church of St. John. Photo by Thinkstock
Source of Arethusa
Fonte Aretusa
Address: Largo Aretusa
A long time ago, at the height of civilization, the river god Alpheus fell passionately in love with the nymph Arethusa, who did not reciprocate his feelings. The rebellious nymph hid from God, and then, with the help of the goddess Artemis, turned into a pure source to stop the persecution. However, Alpheus managed to find his beloved and united with her, carrying his waters under the sea.
The Source of Arethusa, which inspired many poets - from Ovid to Milton, is located precisely in Syracuse, in the historical center of the city, and is one of the most beautiful monuments of Syracuse.
Source of Arethusa. Photo by Thinkstock
The source is fed by underground waters, which originate in the Iblean Mountains, where the Chane River flows into the sea opposite the source. In the center of the fountain basin there is an island overgrown with Syracuse papyrus, a unique plant characteristic only of the Chane River valley.
The Belvedere, which is located near the spring, is the ruins of a bastion destroyed in the 19th century.
Castello Maniace
Castello Maniace
Maniace Castle is located in the southern part of the island of Ortigia and bears the name of the famous Byzantine commander, George Maniace, who was the last to conquer Syracuse, expelling the Arabs from the city in the 11th century.
Bronze rams installed at the entrance to the castle are Maniac’s gift to the city.
Castello Maniace was built by the will of Emperor Frederick II in the 13th century by Riccardo da Lentini, who is credited with the authorship of the magnificent Castel del Monte in Andria.
Castello Maniace. Photo by Thinkstock
Notable visitors to Syracuse stayed in the castle, the Sicilian Parliament met (in the 14th century), and was the residence of Constance of Aragon and other royals. During the Napoleonic era, the castle acquired exclusively military significance.
These days, the castle has been restored and today cultural events are held here.
Temple of Apollo
Tempio di Apollo
Address: Largo XXV Luglio
The Temple of Apollo is one of the most important archaeological sites of the island of Ortygia.
The temple was built at the beginning of the 5th century BC and has undergone many modifications over the history of its existence. So, in the early Christian period, the temple served as a church, then an Arab mosque and a Romanesque church of the Normans, then, in the 16th century, the Aragonese turned the temple into military barracks. Thus, the existence of the luxurious Temple of Apollo was completely forgotten: only in 1860, the famous archaeologist Paolo Orsi discovered that an ancient structure was built into the walls of the Spanish military barracks.
The original structure of the temple suffered greatly during numerous changes, but some surviving fragments allow visitors to imagine how beautiful the building was in ancient times.
Temple of Apollo. Photo by Thinkstock
The base of the temple measured about 55 x 21 meters, and columns were densely placed along the entire perimeter of the temple: archaeologists believe that it was the Temple of Apollo in Syracuse that was the prototype for other Doric temples built in Sicily.
Elements of the temple found during excavations are kept in the Paolo Orsi Regional Archaeological Museum.
Archaeological Park of Neapolis
Neapolis arose in ancient times (in the 5th century BC): it was a new quarter of Syracuse, which is why it received the name “New City”, Neapolis.
Today there are offices and shops here, but we came here not to shop, but to admire the unique archaeological monuments of antiquity.
Neapolis. Photo by Thinkstock
Greek Theater (Teatro Greco)
The Greek theater was built in the 5th century BC, then rebuilt in the 3rd century BC. and rebuilt again during the Roman period. Already from the end of the 5th century BC. it was used for performances by famous actors of the time, as well as for public gatherings. For centuries the theater remained in disrepair; in the 16th century, the Spaniards used its stone blocks to build new fortifications at Ortija, thus dismantling the stage and low steps of the amphitheater. At the end of the 18th century, archaeological work resumed in the Greek theater of Syracuse. Since 1914, the National Institute of Ancient Drama began annual productions of Greek works in the theater.
Greek theater. Photo by Thinkstock
"Ear of Dionysius" (Orecchio di Dionigi)
The Ear of Dionysius is a huge grotto, access to which is located near the Greek theater. The grotto, according to legend, was excavated for the tyrant of Syracuse, Dionysius the Elder, in the 4th century BC. The myth claims that Dionysius kept prisoners there, eavesdropping on their conversations - the acoustics in this place are simply excellent. Scientists believe that the grotto was created to improve the acoustic properties of the Greek Theater.
Roman amphitheater (Anfiteatro romano)
The Roman Amphitheater is one of the largest Roman amphitheatres, the third largest after the Colosseum and Verona Arena. It was built at the end of the 1st century BC. and was used for gladiator fights. Most of the structure on the north-eastern side is carved into the rock, which has allowed this part to be well preserved to this day. The Roman amphitheater was discovered by archaeologists in 1839.
Roman amphitheater. Photo by Thinkstock
Altar of Hieron (Ara di Ierone)
The Altar of Hiero II was erected in the 3rd century BC. It is a ritual altar almost 200 meters wide and is the largest ancient Greek structure of this type preserved on the planet. Grandiose sacrifices were carried out at the altar: the chronicle claims that the priests could sacrifice 450 bulls at the same time to appease the gods. Unfortunately, only the foundation of the entire complex has survived. In the original, the altar was surrounded by colonnades and a shady garden. The altar was stolen by the Spaniards in the 16th century to build defensive fortresses.
Altar of Hieron. Photo by Thinkstock
Regional Museum of Archeology Paolo Orsi
Museo Archeologico Regionale Paolo Orsi
Address: Viale Teocrito, 66
The Regional Museum of Archeology Paolo Orsi is considered one of the main archaeological museums in Europe. It was founded in 1878. The core of the museum's collection consists of artifacts recovered throughout Sicily, dating from prehistoric times to Roman times. Here you can see fossils indicating prehistoric life forms, works of ancient art, finds from the Roman period and other valuable artifacts.
Not far from the museum there is a small park where you can also admire ancient Roman and Greek artifacts; The tomb of the German poet August von Platen is also located here.
Archaeological Museum of Paolo Orsi. Photo by Thinkstock
Capuchin Quarry
Latomie dei Cappuccini
Address: Via Puglia
In the 17th century, the ancient quarry of Syracuse became part of the Grand Tour, a mega-trip across Europe that included the young scions of wealthy families. Many ancient authors wrote about these places: it was here, in the caves that were located on the site of the quarry, that the Athenian warriors were imprisoned after the unsuccessful assault on Syracuse at the end of the 5th century. BC. Imagine that out of 50,000 warriors, only 7 survived! and they were sold into slavery.
Today, open-air performances and concerts are held here.
Walls of Dionysius
Mura dionigiane
The Walls of Dionysius are the remains of ancient walls that surrounded the entire ancient city, built by the tyrant of Syracuse in the 4th century. BC.
The walls were built from limestone blocks quarried. About 70,000 slaves were involved in their construction.
In 2008, a park appeared here, allowing tourists to fully explore the ruins of the walls. There is also a small museum that displays territorial archaeological finds.
Puppet Museum
Museo Aretuseo dei Pupi
Address: piazza S. Giuseppe
The Aretuseo dei Pupi Puppet Museum is the first museum in Italy dedicated to Sicilian puppets: valiant knights and Saracen Moors, wizards, witches and various monsters.
Museum of Puppets. Photo flcikr.com
The museum tells the story of the craft started by the Vaccaro brothers, master puppeteers who worked from 1978 to 1995.
In addition to puppets, the exhibition consists of various documents that depict the main historical moments in the development of the Italian puppet theater.
Temple of Our Lady of Tears
Santuario della Madonna delle Lacrime
Address: Viale Luigi Cadorna, 139
The Temple of Our Lady of Tears was erected in memory of a miraculous event: on August 29, 1953, in the house of the Yannuso couple, the icon of Our Lady, placed at the head of the marital bed, “cryed.” “Tears” oozed from the eyes of the Mother of God until September 1.
The Church of Our Lady of Tears was built in 1994 in the form of a huge tent in such a way that its extraordinary dome is visible from almost anywhere in the city. At the top of the temple there is a bronze statue of the Madonna.
Temple of Our Lady of Tears. Photo cmcarredi.it
Sea holiday
Plemmirio Marine Protected Area
Area marina protetta del Plemmirio
This is one of the most beautiful sea areas, located very close to Syracuse. The Plemmirio Marine Protected Area was created in 2004 and is classified as a Mediterranean Specially Protected Area.
Plemmirio Marine Protected Area. Photo by Thinkstock
It stretches along 14.35 km of coastline along the eastern part of the La Maddalena peninsula. The marine area of Plemmirio is located south of the historical center of the city and is the most popular destination for swimmers and divers throughout the summer. The sea waters of the zone have a surprisingly rich color - cobalt blue. Be sure to swim in these waters if you are in Syracuse in the summer or early autumn!
Inhabitants of Plemmirio. Photo by Thinkstock
The name of the city of Syracuse (Italy) comes from the word “swamp” not by chance. Initially, the area was impassable swamps and was not at all suitable for building a city. But by the will of fate, the Delphic Oracle chose this place, and the colonists began to drain the area. They began planting the area with cypress trees, which are known for their ability to absorb moisture well and strengthen fragile soils.
And today you can see the city of Syracuse, located on the Italian island of Sicily and is the second Greek colony of the province after Naxos. It is noteworthy that its name will sound equally correct in both the plural and singular: Syracuse - Syracuse.
A little history about the city
The ancient part of Syracuse occupied the island of Ortigia. But soon the city began to quickly populate and turned into one of the largest settlements in Sicily. At the time of its heyday, it included five blocks with ancient ruins. The largest number of them has been preserved in Neapolis, where the following are located:
- Roman amphitheater;
- Greek theater;
- tomb of Archimedes;
- altar of Zeus Eleutherio;
- quarries.
In the 5th century BC, Syracuse was the most influential city not only in Sicily, but throughout the Mediterranean. The most famous local ruler was the cruel Dionysius the First, who was known as a tyrant. Syracuse was under his rule for about four decades.
After many centuries, the city lost its former grandeur and became an inconspicuous province after the Arabs moved the capital of the island to Palermo.
Today Syracuse is a city of important historical sites. It was here that one of the most outstanding mathematicians of antiquity, Archimedes, lived and worked.
Syracuse attractions
The main attractions of Syracuse are the ruins of antiquity that have survived to this day. The following places deserve unconditional attention:
- Roman amphitheater;
- Greek theater;
- Catacombs of St. John;
- Capuchin quarries;
- cave Ear of Dionysius;
- Cathedral;
- temple of Apollo;
- Church of St. Lucia;
- Church of the Weeping Madonna;
- Castello Maniace;
- Archimedes Square;
- Archaeological Museum of Orsi.
It will take more than a day to see all the sights of the city.
The largest in size after the Colosseum and the amphitheater in Verona is the Roman amphitheater of Italy, which has the shape of an ellipse with a diameter of 119 and 190 meters. It was discovered and excavated by archaeologists in the 30s of the 19th century.
The amphitheater was built in the first century BC during the reign of Octavian Augustus. The building has perfectly preserved internal passages through which fighters and wild animals entered the arena.
Not far from the ruins of the Roman amphitheater there is a more ancient structure - a Greek theater, which is completely carved into the rock. It is older than its neighbor by about 4 centuries.
The construction of the theater began in the 5th century BC on the orders of one of the most cruel rulers of Gelon. The work was completed only two centuries later.
The Greek theater was considered the largest in Greece and Rome, with a capacity of up to 18 thousand spectators, and its diameter was 140 meters.
In the Middle Ages, part of the structure was dismantled by the Spaniards to fortify the island. But despite this, its auditorium is still able to accommodate an impressive number of guests.
Catacombs of St. John (San Giovanni)
Almost nothing was known about the underground of Syracuse until the 17th century, and the scientific interest of archaeologists in it appeared only in the 20th century, when active excavations began.
The Catacombs of San Giovanni were built in the 4th century for the purpose of burying the local Christian community. This is the only building of its type that has a clear plan and is elaborately decorated inside.
It was here that the famous Adelphia sarcophagus was found, which is the work of ancient skilled artisans. It is carved with 62 biblical characters. Now this valuable find is kept in the Paolo Orsi Museum.
Capuchin Quarries
The oldest ancient quarry of the Capuchins was founded in the 5th century BC. At the beginning, it looked like a small cave where stone blocks were mined for various buildings. Mostly the material was mined from the depths, since that is where the better quality stones were found.
After many centuries, this area acquired a bizarre shape, consisting of halls and columns. Later, the quarry was abandoned and subject to changes from natural elements.
Then the Capuchin monks decided to take a liking to this area and planted trees around it.
Now the Capuchin quarry is a joint amazing creation of man and nature of incredible, bewitching beauty.
One of the most unusual and interesting caves in Syracuse is called the Ear of Dionysius. The cave got its name, according to one version, because of the entrance, which is shaped like an ear. In addition, incredible acoustics reign inside the natural structure: the sound of a whispered word in one part of the cave is sure to be clearly transmitted to another part.
According to legend, the cruel ruler of Sicily Dionysius settled prisoners here so that the guards could hear everything the prisoners were whispering about.
Cathedral
At the highest point of the island is located one of the most majestic and beautiful buildings of Syracuse - the Cathedral. Previously, on this site there was an ancient Greek temple dedicated to Athena, from which the remains of columns built into the walls of the cathedral have been preserved.
The building underwent several changes and acquired the appearance in which it came to us only in the 18th century. The facade of the sacred building acquired shapes made in the Baroque style.
The main relic of the Cathedral is the statue of the Syracuse martyr Saint Lucia.
Directly in front of the sanctuary there is a very unusual monument to Archimedes, whose figure is half immersed in the ground.
Temple of Apollo
Another pride and main attraction of Sicily is the Temple of Apollo, which was built earlier than the Greek Theater. It was discovered only in the 19th century by the outstanding archaeologist Paolo Orsi.
It is believed that this particular temple was the very first impressive and grandiose building in the city.
Now only ruins remain of the once majestic building.
Church of Saint Lucia
Chapel del Sepolcro di Santa Lucia is the church of the main patron of the city, Santa Lucia. It is believed that it was here that the relics of the great martyr were originally kept, but then they were stolen and taken from Syracuse.
In the chapel, traces of the destroyed wall where the remains of the saint rested have been preserved to this day.
Church of the Weeping Madonna
The sanctuary dedicated to the great martyr was erected quite recently, in 1994, with donations from believers.
The church houses an icon of the Holy Madonna, which is considered miraculous. It was from it, according to legend, that a liquid emerged, the composition of which turned out to be identical to human tears.
For this reason, the sanctuary began to gain more and more popularity, which is why it was decided to build a temple on the site of a small chapel.
Castle Castello Maniace
One of the most important medieval architectural monuments of Syracuse is the Maniace Castle. Its name is directly related to the name of the Byzantine general Maniac, who conquered Sicily, where the Arabs were subsequently expelled.
The castle itself played an important role in the political and military life of the city. Until the mid-16th century, it was the residence of the Royal Palace. By the end of the same century, the castle became part of the fortification of the island.
The building is well preserved and has remained almost in its original form to this day.
Archaeological Museum of Orsi
The most prestigious museum not only in Syracuse, but throughout Europe is the museum named after the famous archaeologist Paolo Orsi. Almost the entire history of Sicily is presented in one place.
On an area of 12 sq. km. There are unique exhibits, among which artifacts of antiquity predominate.
This museum can rightfully be called one of the most important attractions of Syracuse.
Syracuse beaches
In the city of Syracuse itself there is no beach area as such. This place is famous more for its amazing sights. But three kilometers away there is a nice private beach owned by the Musciara Resort hotel. This is where city guests should go if, after visiting the ancient monuments, they decided to swim and soak up the golden sand.
But south of Syracuse there are many beaches, among which the most famous are:
- Fontane Bianche;
- Portopalo di Capassero;
- Marina di Avola;
- Marina di Noto;
- San Marzamemi.
These resorts provide the most comfortable beach holiday.
“Syracuse is the largest of the Greek cities and the most beautiful in the world; it really is. Their high location not only contributes to their safety, but also has the consequence that the city from all sides, both land and sea, presents a very beautiful sight. Its harbors are inside the city limits and are partly surrounded by buildings; opening in two opposite directions, they merge at their inner corners, as a result of which that part of the city, which is called the Island, is separated by a narrow strait from the mainland, with which a bridge connects it.”
Cicero
Syracuse (Syracuse) were founded in the 8th century BC. by the Greeks.
Thanks to the fertility of the soil and convenient harbors, the city soon became rich and prosperous. But its history was not peaceful: 415-413. BC. - war with Athens, in 409 BC. - the war with Carthage, during which unprecedented ships with four and five tiers of oars were built, and powerful throwing machines were designed. In 316-289 BC. under power Syracuse almost all of Sicily was located.
In 264 BC. The 1st Punic War began, during which Syracuse The Romans besieged it and only at the cost of large payments was it possible to get out of the war.
After this, a period of peace began that lasted about 50 years.
Archimedes lived at this time and, among other things, he participated in the fortification of the city.
But his engineering genius showed itself in full force during the 2nd Punic War in 212 BC. Archimedes built throwing machines that threw cannonballs and stones at the Roman troops and the Romans were forced to stop the assault.
Is it true, Syracuse suffered defeats due to treason, and Archimedes was killed.
For Syracuse The period of Roman rule began, it was the decline and decline of a prosperous city.
In 878, after a long and difficult siege, during which the defenders went to the extent of cannibalism, the city was conquered by the Arabs.
In 1038, General George Maniacus conquered Syracuse and restored Christian worship, restored military fortifications and erected a castle at the extreme tip of the ancient Ortygia still bears his name. Maniac also took out the body Saint Lucia from the coffin (the relics of St. Ray - according to legend, heals those who have vision problems) and in a silver shrine he sent the body to Constantinople.
But one bone remained in Syracuse on the island of Ortigia, in the chapel of St. Lucia.
In 1086, the rule of the Normans begins. The city, due to its location, becomes a military fortress. Roger I of Sicily builds new neighborhoods, restores the Cathedral, and builds new churches.
B 1205-1220 Syracuse are under the control of Genoa.
But already in 1221 the city was conquered by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Palazzo Bellomo was built at this time. After the death of Frederick II, a period of anarchy and unrest followed, with power shared between the Angevin and Aragonese dynasties. And, in the end, Frederick III of Aragon came to power.
But in subsequent years, power also passed from one hand to another.
In 1693, a terrible earthquake severely damaged Syracuse. But the city quickly recovered, acquiring baroque features.
In the 1700s after the death of Charles II, a war for power began between the Spaniards, the Savoy, Austrian dynasties and the Bourbons.
In 1860 Syracuse were annexed to a united Italy.
In 1872, Piazza Archimedes was built, and the historical areas of Ortigia, Sperduta, via del Littorio (now corso Matteotti - rebuilt during the fascist period) were restored.
In 1900, a memorable earthquake occurred, called Santa Lucia, since it occurred on December 13 - the day of the patroness Syracuse- Saint Lucia.
Historical Center Syracuse situated on Ortigia island. To get to the island you need to cross Bridge Umbertino (from here you can take a boat trip around Ortygia).
Temple of Apollo (Tempio di Apollo) (piazza Pancali)- one of the first buildings in. It was built in the 6th century. BC. The size of the temple along the perimeter is 58 x 24 meters. Then the temple was converted into a Byzantine church, from which the central staircase has been preserved. The temple then became a mosque, a Norman church and eventually part of a Spanish barracks.
Syracuse. Temple of Apollo.
Let's walk along corso Matteotti- This is one of the central shopping streets of the historical center. She brings to Archimedes Square (piazza Archimede). In the center of the square is a fountain by Giulio Moschetti with Artemis the Hunter in the center. 
Syracuse. Temple of Apollo.
Cathedral was built on the site of the Temple of Athena (5th century BC during the time of the tyrant Gelon). The temple was rebuilt into a Christian church in the 7th century. After the earthquake of 1693, the cathedral acquired Baroque features. The 17th century frescoes by Agostino Scilla and Luigi Vanvitelli have been preserved.
Cathedral. Interior.
Church of Santa Lucia alla Badia and the Cistercian monastery are dedicated to the patron saint of the city.
Church of Santa Lucia alla Badia.
The first mention of the church dates back to 1427. In 1695, the church was rebuilt after the 1693 earthquake. The work is kept in the church Caravaggio "The Burial of Saint Lucia".
Caravaggio "The Burial of Saint Lucia".
Further along via Picherali.
Here in a small square is spring of Aretusa (Fontana Aretusa). In Greek mythology, Arethusa was an Elean nymph who was pursued by the river god Alpheus. With the help of Artemis, she fled to Sicily, where she turned into a source. There Alpheus united with her, carrying his waters under the sea.
Syracuse. Spring of Arethusa.
At the far end of the island is Maniaca Castle. The castle was built by the Byzantine general George Maniac in 1038. Later the castle was owned by Norman rulers and then by the Aragonese dynasty. Now there is a museum here.
Syracuse. Maniac Castle.
In the modern quarter Syracuse located archaeological park of Neapolis. Here you can see well-preserved ancient ruins.
Carved into the rock Greek theater(V century BC). The theater accommodated 16 thousand spectators. During the reign of Hiero I, the tragedies of Euripides and Aeschylus were staged on the theater stage. The Romans rebuilt the theater to host gladiator fights. Nowadays, classical Greek tragedies are shown in the theater.
Syracuse. Greek theater.
Near the theater there is an entrance to Capuchin quarries Latomia - “huge pits in the open air, which were first quarries, and later turned into prisons, where the Athenians captured after the defeat of Nicias were imprisoned for eight months; they suffered in this huge ditch from hunger, thirst, unbearable heat and died in the mud, where all kinds of evil spirits swarmed.”
The quarries were used until the 6th century BC. Stones from here were used for the construction of city monuments. After the victory of Syracuse over Athens (415-413 BC), wounded soldiers were locked in quarries, leaving them to die. Later (until the 16th century) monks settled in the quarries. In 1868, the quarries became state property and were opened to the public.
Ear of Dionysius is a huge cave, about 65 m long and 23 m high, with excellent acoustics. According to legend, the cave was created by order of the despot Dionysius in order to eavesdrop on the conversations of captives. With the light hand of Caravaggio, the cave began to be called the ear of Dionysius. But there are other versions: some scientists believe that this cave, connected to the theater, served as an underground performance hall, because with its extraordinary resonance the slightest sound is amplified to incredible proportions.
Syracuse. Ear of Dionysius.
Altar of Hiero I. Every year hundreds of bulls were killed on this altar, sacrificing them to the gods.
Syracuse. Altar of Hiero I.
Roman amphitheater considered one of the largest amphitheatres. The amphitheater was built in the 2nd century. and was used for chariot racing and gladiator fights. The dimensions of the amphitheater are 140 x 119 meters.
Syracuse. Roman amphitheater.
Not far from the Neapolis Archaeological Park are Catacombs of San Giovanni. As you know, by Roman decree it was forbidden to bury Christians inside the city walls. And Christians used underground Greek aqueducts for burial.
At the entrance to the catacombs there is a destroyed Basilica of San Giovanni, in this basilica in 254 the first bishop of the city, Saint Marcian, suffered martyrdom.
Basilica of San Giovanni. Entrance to the catacombs.
Catacombs address: Via di San Sebastiano. Tue-Sun 9.00-12.30, 14.30-16.30. Photography is prohibited.
In 1953, a miracle happened in the house of one married couple - a small image of the Madonna began to cry. In 1966, construction began on a santuary dedicated to The Weeping Madonna (Madonna delle Lacrime).
The construction was completed and the temple was consecrated in 1994. The unusually shaped temple soars into the sky to a height of 74 meters, the spire is decorated with a 20-meter statue of a bronze Madonna, and inside there is one crypt where the ruins of a Roman temple are preserved.
Syracuse. Santuary Madonna della Lacrima.
Syracuse cuisine:
The cuisine is based on fish and meat.
Fish: swordfish, goldfish (orata), sea bass (spigole), lobsters (aragoste), shrimp, tuna, bluefish. Tuna with onions; smoked swordfish; octopuses; seafood soup.
Palazzolo sausages, Buccheri pork salami. Rabbit alla stimpirata.
Ravioli with homemade ricotta, spaghetti with eggplant and zucchini. Artagine - fish restaurant.
Via Catania, 19
Puppet Museum in Syracuse.
piazza S. Giuseppe
The first museum in Italy dedicated to puppets: valiant knights - champions of the Christian faith and Saracen Moors, wizards, witches and various monsters.
In addition to the puppets, the exhibition included various documents that depict the main moments in the history of the Italian puppet theater: the puppet workshop of Vicolo del Ulivo, which has existed since 1978, and the birth of their theater.
Syracuse is one of the most curious and original cities of Sicily; in ancient times it was called Syracuse and was one of the largest and richest ports in the Mediterranean.
The Greeks, who landed on the shores of Sicily in 734 BC, contributed to the prosperity of the city for several centuries in a row. Aeschylus staged his tragedies in the local theater, the greatest philosophers of ancient Greece, including Plato himself, performed on the stage of Syracuse, and one of the most worthy sons of the city was Archimedes, about whom Cicero said: “I believe that there was more genius in this Sicilian than human nature can contain."
In today’s article, we answer important questions: where to live in Syracuse, what attractions of the city deserve attention, what establishments would be ideal for lunch and dinner, and whether there are decent beaches in the vicinity.
If you want to take a time machine back 2,700 years, then you should visit the Neapolis Archaeological Park, part of ancient Syracuse. There is an ancient Greek theater with a huge sacrificial altar, quarries, the famous Ear of Dionysius cave and a Roman theater.
In the photo: ancient Greek theater in Syracuse
If you want to explore the oldest catacombs, by the way, they are the second largest after the Roman ones, then you should head to the catacombs of San Giovanni. Nearby you can see the quaint modern temple of Madonna delle Lacrime, and at the same time lovers of antiquities can visit the local Archaeological Museum of Paolo Orsi.
In the photo: loculi in the catacombs of San Giovanni
The Archaeological Museum of Syracuse is one of the largest in Europe; everything or almost everything that was excavated and found in Sicily is collected right here, so it makes sense to spend at least half a day for even a cursory acquaintance with the exhibits.
In Ortigia, the historical center of the city, which you will reach by driving through a small bridge on which there is a monument to Archimedes, there is also a fair amount of antiquities concentrated. Here are the ruins of the Temple of Apollo, and the ancient Jewish mikvahs, which, by the will of fate, were discovered in the dungeons of the now operating hotel “Alla Giudecca”, and the Cathedral, in which the ancient Greek temple of Athena is “imprisoned”.
Pictured: Syracuse Cathedral
In addition, in Ortigia it is worth visiting the papyrus museum and the art gallery in Palazzo Bellomo, and art lovers can admire a Caravaggio painting in the church of Santa Lucia alla Badia. The Maniace Castle and the museum of two geniuses - Leonardo da Vinci and Archimedes - are also worthy of special attention. And, of course, don’t miss the source of Aretusa (fonte Aretusa) - this is a very beautiful place, and it is believed that it was here that Syracuse was born in ancient times.
In the photo: Aretusa spring (fonte Aretusa) in Syracuse
Don't forget to check out the city market. It is open only until one o'clock in the afternoon, but is worthy of the most detailed exploration. The hubbub of street vendors inviting customers, shops with the freshest local food, sellers who, in front of customers, deftly make delicious panini with ham, olives and cheese; a stern, pirate-looking oyster and prosecco vendor and lively local fishermen selling freshly caught sea urchin caviar.
In the photo: cheese shop at the Syracuse market
Well, all the luxury of the southern market: olives, sun-dried tomatoes, artichokes, capers, sweet fruits of unprecedented size, seafood and generous Sicilian land - by the way, almost all local specialties can be tasted right at the counters. The market is located at via Emanuele de Benedictis, which is just opposite the large Talete indoor parking lot.
WHERE TO STAY IN SYRACUSE?
It is best to live in the historical center of the city - on the island of Ortigia, where there are a huge number of hotels and private apartments. There are options to suit every taste, most can be found on standard booking sites. What’s good about Ortigia: you have all the main attractions of the city, the sea, the promenade and shops within walking distance. From here you can go on a boat trip along the coast. This area of the city is a lively and party place with many bars, cafes and restaurants.
If you don’t find apartments in the city center, you can also stay further away from the center: between the Syracuse and Ortigia railway station, along the streets Via Malta, Corso Umberto I or Corso Gelone. Accommodation here is cheaper and there are fewer hassles with parking, which is important if you decide to rent a car.
ABOUT THE BEACHES NEAR SYRACUSE
Of course, you can swim in the city. It's possible, but not necessary. Syracuse is located in a bay, which is a port, so swimming in the vicinity of the only small sandy beach is prohibited. However, the ban stops few people, and in the heat people still get into the water. There is an option for swimming from the pontoons at the Maniace Hotel, there is also a narrow strip of sand abutting the city wall, but, let's face it, the city of Syracuse itself is not the best place for a beach holiday.
For good sea, we recommend going to the nearest resort villages: Fontane Bianche, Arenella or the Plemmirio Peninsula - there are also small bays there, ideal for swimming. The only hotel with its own beach in the Syracuse area is Il Minareto, but it is located outside the city. A little further away is the Arenella Resort hotel, which is also very good for a beach holiday; it also operates on an all-inclusive basis.
WHERE TO EAT IN THE CITY?
Syracuse, due to the huge number of tourists, is a difficult city in terms of gastronomy. Of course, this also has its plus - many local restaurants are open all day, which, however, does not cover the minuses - the quality of food and prices in tourist-oriented establishments leave much to be desired. All of the above especially applies to restaurants that are opened near the city embankment; apparently, their owners sincerely believe that the breathtaking view of the Syracuse Bay compensates for the mediocre quality of food.
For myself and my tourists, I have looked at several establishments where you can eat tasty and high-quality food. So, the following places fall under the category of tasty and budget friendly. Osteria Mariano- a small restaurant hidden in the streets of Ortiggia. Local dishes worth trying here include seafood, appetizers and pasta. Be sure to order ravioli with ricotta, cavatelli with meat sauce, penne with almonds or pasta with seafood: mussels, cuttlefish ink and sardines.
One of the restaurant's specialties is spaghetti ai fiore di zucca - spaghetti with pumpkin flowers. This dish is rarely seen in restaurants in Sicily today. It was popular in the past, but at Osteria Mariano it is prepared according to the recipe of the owner's grandmother. Address of Osteria Mariano: Vicolo Zuccolà, 9, 96100 Siracusa SR, Italy, Tel: +39 0931 67444.
Restaurant L'ancora located in the heart of the old town. You should go here for fresh fish and seafood - these are the main specialties of the establishment. The restaurant's wine list is also beyond compare. The restaurant has three rooms, in addition, there is a triple terrace on the roof of L’ancora, which offers a highly poetic view of the sea. L'ancora address: via Guglielmo Perno, 7, 96100 Siracusa SR, Italy, telephone: +39 0931 462369.
- another excellent establishment in the historical part of the city. It is worth trying not only pizza, but also pasta - especially linguine with vongole. On Saturdays it is better to book tables in advance, since the Castello Fiorentino pizzeria is very popular among the local population; the restaurant is closed on Mondays. Address: Via del Crocifisso, 6, 96100 Siracusa SR, Italy, Tel: +39 0931 21097.
Worth a visit and Osteria Anima Sicula, the establishment serves dishes exclusively from seasonal products, and the main specialties of the osteria are fish and seafood, address: Via della Dogana, 5, 96100 Siracusa SR, Italy, tel: +39 327 544 0500. From more expensive places, I recommend Don Camillo(address: Via delle Maestranze, 96, 96100 Siracusa SR, Italy, tel: +39 0931 67133), I got there on a tip from Fort Matthew, author of the book “Sicily. Sweet honey, bitter lemons." You won't be disappointed.
Text: Elena Anikeeva
