Smolensk Lakeland National Park.

About Italy

The SMOLENSKOYE POOZERIE National Park was formed in 1992 “to preserve natural complexes for recreational, educational, scientific and cultural purposes.” In November 2002, it was awarded the status of a biosphere reserve under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program. The name "Smolensk Poozerie" owes its name to 35 large and small glacial lakes. Each of them is beautiful and unique.

The relief of the park is mainly associated with the accumulative activity of glaciers. Devonian bedrock within the park lies at a depth of 40 to 130 m and has virtually no significant impact on the development of modern landscapes in this area. Within the park came the second stripe of terminal moraine formations of the last Valdai glaciation (Sloboda stage).

1 landscape of the Slobodskaya moraine-outwash upland, occupying the western and central parts of the park.

A distinctive feature is the noticeably expressed complexity and diversity of the lithogenic base. Small-medium- and large-hilly plains are widespread here, with basins of various origins and troughs of glacial water runoff. In some areas of the landscape, slightly undulating, sometimes hilly outwash plains, kamas, and esker ridges are widely represented. In a number of places, the latter form complex ridge-basin complexes with lake basins. Such complexes are most pronounced near the villages of Baklanovo, the village of Nikitenki, the village. Przhevalskoe.

2 Hilly-moraine plain, where the appearance of the landscape as a whole is more monotonous and less expressive. The southern part of the landscape is dominated by outwash plains.

The landscape is characterized by a relatively high horizontal dissection of the territory (0.6-0.62 km/km2) and a noticeable predominance of slope surfaces. About 30-40% of the area of ​​arable land here has a slope steepness of more than 2°.
The landscape is drained by the largest rivers of the park - Elsha and Polovya, connected with its main lakes, reflecting the largest Slobodskaya group of lakes in the region. The area of ​​lakes in this group is approximately 20% of the area of ​​all lakes in the region. The landscape is characterized by high forest cover; agricultural land remained in small quantities only near populated areas, mainly in its central part.

3 Landscape of the Elshansko-Svitskaya lacustrine-glacial and outwash-moraine lowland Occupies the main territory of the eastern part of the park.

It is also distinguished by a significant mosaic of the lithogenic base, but due to a large extent to the frequent change of lacustrine-glacial and other deposits, and only in certain places (along the Vasilevka River, near Lake Mokhan, along the sides of the Dukhovshchinskaya Upland) is the relief variegated significantly.
Its relatively lower position is facilitated by its association with a third-order tectonic structure - the Svita depression. The bedrock, represented by Devonian limestones, dolomites, and clays, is covered here by a thickness of Quaternary sediments, the thickness of which often varies from 40 to 80 m.
Within the territory under consideration, the Valdai glacier was not active, since its movement was impeded by the Dukhovshchinskaya Upland. Apparently, here it broke up into blocks of “dead” ice, which are associated with the formation of esker ridges, kames and thin moraines. The thickness of the moraine of the Valdai glacier is 2-2.5 m in places, sometimes it is completely washed away. Often the moraine is covered with a thin layer of sandy loam or sand.

4 A small area in the southeastern part of the NP territory is occupied by the landscape of the Dukhovshchina moraine-erosive upland.

The landscape is confined to a well-defined tectonic structure of the third order - the Dukhovshchinsky uplift. The last Valdai glacier could not overcome it, and therefore the main thickness of Quaternary sediments here is represented by a moraine and inter-moraine sands of the Dnieper age. The soil-forming rocks are cover loams. In some places along the sides of the hill, the Dnieper moraine is covered by thin deposits of sand and sandy loam of Valdai age.
This landscape is sharply distinguished by its higher hypsometric position, the structure of the tracts, and especially the presence of ravines, gullies, and hollows. Erosion landforms are confined directly to well-defined depressions in the landscape of the Elshansko-Svitskaya lowland or to river valleys. The relative elevation in the border zones of these landscapes reaches 40-50 and sometimes more.
The landscape is characterized by a higher density of the river network; there are no lakes.
Morphologically, the landscape is simpler: it is based on plateau-like moraine plains covered with loess-like loams. a significant number of ravines and ravines; Small areas here are occupied by swamps (especially highlands), lowlands, and a different morphological structure of river valleys.

The territory of the park belongs to the river basin. Western Dvina, including all small rivers - its tributaries of 3-4 orders and their sources. Apart from R. Gobzu, which flows for a short distance in the south-eastern part of the park, has no transit rivers. The Elsha River is the main river of the park. The river basin occupies about 80% of its area. There are 35 lakes. The main part of them (about two dozen) belongs to the largest Przhevalsk group. The total area of ​​the lakes in this group is 13 square meters. km. All of them are confined to the marginal formations of the Slobodskaya Upland glacier. The largest of these lakes are Sapsho, Baklanovskoye, Rytoe, Dgo, Petrovskoye, Loshamye. The average depth of the lakes is 5-6 m, the maximum is 29 m (lakes Baklanovskoye, Loshamye). The basins of glacial lakes have different origins. The most common basins are of thermokarst origin, usually distinguished by significant depth, uncertain shape, and uneven bottom.

The climate of the park is temperate continental with moderately warm and humid summers, moderately cold winters with stable snow cover; transition periods are well defined. The average annual air temperature in the park is 4.3 degrees. C. The average monthly air temperature in January is 8.6 degrees. C, in July it is 17.0 degrees. C. The absolute minimum air temperature is - 45.0 degrees. C, the absolute maximum reaches 35.0 degrees. C. This territory belongs to the region of the region with the highest amount of precipitation. The annual precipitation here is about 730 mm. The significant amount of precipitation is due not only to the location of this territory in the zone of the most frequent passage of cyclones. The increase in precipitation is facilitated by the presence of the Slobodskaya and Dukhovshchinskaya uplands and the high forest cover of the territory. Prevailing winds are south, south-west and west.

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Material details

Gepp A., Kolchin O., Delvin N.N.

(481-47) 26204, 26648, 26684

Additional Email

The contact person

Director: Kochergin Alexander Semenovich

Organization

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Russia

Location

The Smolensk Poozerye National Park is located in the northwestern part of the Smolensk region in the Demidovsky and Dukhovshchinsky districts. Geographical coordinates: 55°21‘-55°46‘ N and 31°29‘ - 32°18‘ E. The national park borders: in the north with the Tver region, in the east with Prechistensky forestry (Dukhovshchinsky district), in the south and southwest with Demidovsky forestry (Demidovsky district), in the west with Velizhsky forestry (Velizhsky district). In terms of configuration, the park's territory is an almost regular rhombus. The ratio of area to perimeter is 3. The maximum distance from west to east is 55 km, from north to south - 50 km. The geographical center of the park is located in the area of ​​the village. Przhevalskoe. The total area of ​​the park within the boundaries approved by state acts is 146,237 hectares. The security zone is 500 m of territory adjacent to the park border. The national park office is located in the urban resort village of Przhevalskoye.

How to get there

There are five road entrances to the park: two on the west side (paved) and three on the east side (unpaved).

The main routes of transport in the park are highways: Demidov - village. Przhevalskoe (via the village of Kholm) and the city of Demidov - village. Przhevalskoe (via the village of Baklanovo). From Smolensk to western border the park is about 100 km.

The main flow of visitors arrives at the park by personal vehicles along the Moscow-city highways. Minsk; Smolensk - Velikiye-Luki, as well as through the railway station in Smolensk and then by bus to the village of Przhevalskoye.

In the forests of the national park there is a fairly dense network of forestry roads left over from the time of the activities of the mechanized forestry enterprise. A significant part of them are driven only in dry summer time.

Other areas in which the property is included

Dukhovshchinsky district

Date of formation

Total area (ha)

"BACK TO THE SOURCES". Walking tour along the educational trail. The trail starts from the village of Stary Dvor. You will learn the history of the settlement of the region, climb to the ancient settlement, visit the observation deck on the lake. Sapsho, get acquainted with the circumstances of the acquisition of Sloboda by N.M. Przhevalsky, learn about the relief features associated with the glacier, visit St. source of Seraphim of Sarov. Duration 3 hours. The length of the route is 4 km. Cost: adults - 120 rub. children from 9 to 14 years old - 90 rubles. children under 9 years old - free

"AROUND THE LAKE REGION". Walking tour along the ecological trail. The trail begins on the shore of the lake. Baklanovskoye, not far from the building of the administrative center "Baklanovo". The route passes through the main natural complexes characteristic of the Smolensk Poozerie National Park: lake, swamp, meadow, forest. During the excursion, you will learn about the formation and functioning of these natural complexes as ecosystems, get acquainted with the flora and fauna characteristic of each of them, and also learn about the influence of the Ice Age on the formation of modern relief. Duration 2 hours. The length of the route is 2 km. Cost: adults - 80 rub. children from 9 to 14 years old - 60 rubles. children under 9 years old - free

"SIGHTSEEING BUS TOUR". You will visit lakes Sapsho, Baklanovskoye and Chistik, get acquainted with the history of the settlement of the region by ancient people, with the construction of the palace of Prince Potemkin in the village of Pokrovskoye, with the circumstances of the acquisition of Sloboda by Przhevalsky, climb the ancient settlement, and see a number of objects associated with the Great Patriotic War. Duration 4.5 hours. The length of the route is 60 km. Cost: adults - 240 rub. children from 9 to 14 years old - 190 rubles. children under 9 years old - free

"THROUGH THE DENDROPARK". During the excursion you will visit the arboretum of the Smolensk Poozerie National Park, located near the village of Boroviki. You will learn the history of the creation of arboretums, interesting facts about the trees of our strip, see models of the Smolensk Holy Trinity Monastery and houses on a scale of 1:10, characteristic of Smolensk and the surrounding area in the 19th century, visit the exhibition “Embroidered Painting”. At the end, at the herbal center you will be offered tea brewed from herbs, flowers and plant leaves collected in the arboretum and the surrounding area. Cost: adults - 70 rub. children from 9 to 14 years old - 50 rub. children under 9 years old - free

"THE HISTORY OF SLOBODA". Walking tour of the village. Przhevalskoe. During the excursion you will get acquainted with the history of the settlement of the region by ancient people after the retreat of the Valdai Glacier, visit the burial mounds of the Krivichi Slavs, learn about the history of the construction of the Temple of the Ascension of the Lord (18th century) and its further fate, about the life in the village of Sloboda of the great Russian traveler N.M. .Przhevalsky, about the partisan movement on the land of Poozerie during the Great Patriotic War. Duration 2 hours. The length of the route is 2 km. Cost: adults - 80 rub. children from 9 to 14 years old - 60 rubles. children under 9 years old - free

“Following the footsteps of the glacier”. Walking tour. The beginning of the path from the lake. Baklanovsky. You will climb an ancient settlement, see the long Smolensk mounds, the unique terrain formed by a glacier, walk along a path along a picturesque swamp and pine forest, at the end of the path you will find tea prepared over a fire on the shore of a unique lake. Duration 4 hours. The length of the route is 8 km. Cost: adults - 180 rub. children from 9 to 14 years old - 140 rubles. children under 9 years old - free

"TO THE PLACES OF MILITARY GLORY". Bus excursion. On the excursion you will get acquainted with the history of the region during the Great Patriotic War, learn about the events in memory of which numerous monuments were erected on the territory of the Park, and see restored fortifications. Duration 2 hours. The length of the route is 20 km. Cost: adults - 120 rub. children from 9 to 14 years old - 100 rubles. children under 9 years old - free of charge. The cost of excursions includes transportation costs (for bus excursions) and guide services. Minimum number of people in a group (excluding children under 9 years old): 10 for a walking tour and 15 for a bus tour.

“COOL” WEEKEND TOUR“The Blue Necklace of the Smolensk Region” is the name given to the amazingly beautiful lake of glacial origin in the Smolensk Poozerie National Park. There are 35 lakes in total, 36 species of fish live in them: roach, bream, silver bream, perch, pike, ide, rudd and others. How often can you see the faces of fishermen beaming with happiness after catching a pike or bream weighing up to 8-10 kg on a fishing rod! Everyone who fishes on our lakes gets an unforgettable fishing pleasure! Lake Baklanovskoye is the deepest lake in the Smolensk region and has a very complex bottom topography and very convenient reaches for fishing. On the marvelous shores of Lake Dgo you can not only have excellent fishing, but also touch deep antiquity: the sacrificial stone of pagan times on the island. Well-equipped parking areas with fire pits near the lakes will allow you to comfortably arrange your vacation. Our experienced instructors will share with you not only their fishing secrets and show you the coolest places, but will also help you right here - on the shore, smoke your rich catch on alder shavings or cook real fish soup. There is nothing tastier than fish soup and tea cooked over a fire! Your family won’t be bored either: there are a lot of secrets in the natural world, interesting stories and legends. The park has developed a variety of excursions and educational programs for both adults and children. We invite you to try your fishing luck on the fish-rich lakes of the Smolensk Poozerie National Park! Tour cost: for a group of 6 people - 4500 rubles/person. - the price includes: accommodation, meals, guides, Russian bath, transfer from the b/o Baklanovo to the lake. Dgo and back. moving Moscow - Smolensk - Moscow, transfer Smolensk - b/o Baklanovo - Smolensk, live bait, hot smoked fish. Tour program Day 1 06:00 – 08:00 transfer Smolensk – Baklanovo 08:00 – 09:00 accommodation at the Baklanovo resort, breakfast 09:00 – departure to the lake. Dgo 09:40 – 13:00 fishing on the lake. Dgo with an instructor 13:00 – 14:00 lunch in the forest at the tourist parking 14:00 – 17:00 fishing 17:00 – departure to the Baklanovo village 17:40 – 18:30 free time 18:30 – 19: 30 dinner 19:30 – 23:30 Russian bath. Day 2 08:00 – 09:00 breakfast 09:00 – 13:00 fishing on the lake. Baklanovskoye with instructor 13:00 – 14:00 lunch 14:00 – 17:00 fishing on the lake. Baklanovskoe 17:00 – 18:30 free time 18:30 – 19:30 dinner 19:30 – departure to Smolensk

Protected objects

1. Lake Chistik Area 57 hectares, max. depth 21 m Natural monument within the NP
2. Lake Rytoe Area 178 hectares, max. depth 22.5 m Natural monument within the NP
3. Lake Baklanovskoye Area 221 hectares, max. depth 29 m Natural monument within the NP
4. Lake Dgo Area 234 hectares, max. depth15 m Natural monument within the NP
5. Lake Paltsevskoye Area 51 hectares, max. depth 8 m Natural monument within the NP
6. Lake Sapsho Area 304 hectares, max. depth 18.6 m Natural monument within the NP
7. Lake Vervizhskoe Area 115 hectares, max. depth 8.5 m Natural monument within the NP
8. Travelers Park Old-growth pines and burial mound of the 11th-13th centuries. Natural monument within the NP
9. Vervizhsky Moss Area 7810 ha
10. Pelyshev Mokh Area 1622 ha
11. Moss Ostrovo Area 1324 hectares
12. Ravine Devil's Ditch Interglacial deposits Natural monument within the NP

Tourist description

The territory of the Smolensk Poozerie National Park is one of the most valuable corners of the Smolensk region, where all the characteristic categories of historical and cultural monuments are represented, covering the time interval from the Mesolithic to the 20th century. Their significance lies, first of all, in cognitive and aesthetic value, in originality and uniqueness. Archaeological monuments. There are 81 objects in total. Among them: Stone Age sites (at least 14), settlements (2), ancient settlements (at least 17), settlements (at least 14), burial grounds (at least 32 mound groups and single mounds). The archaeological complex of the ancient Russian city of Verzhavsk and the burial mound (31 mounds) of the 8th-13th centuries have the status of a monument of federal significance. near the village of Anosinki (previously 8 objects). A significant influx of the Slavic population in the 10th-11th centuries, the founding of numerous villages and their unification into one socio-economic organism led to the formation in Poozerie of the second largest city in the Smolensk land, Verzhavsk. Located on the “route from the Varangians to the Greeks,” the city flourished in the 12th-14th centuries, losing its economic significance only with the decline waterway. During the Polish-Lithuanian invasion it was destroyed and finally ceased to exist in the 17th century. The remains of the detinets, the town settlement and a nearby large burial mound, which can be interpreted as a pagan cemetery, have survived to this day. In the territory Smolensk Poozerie A number of mound groups have been preserved, which in most cases are burial places of rural territorial communities. Depending on the time of construction of the mounds, their rituals changed, which can be traced in the villages of Saki, Yerilovo, Rykovshchina and the village. Przhevalskoe. Since the 13th century, in connection with the consolidation of Christianity, burials of the dead were performed according to church rites in special cemeteries, where stone crosses were installed on the graves. The latter are quite rare for the Smolensk region. There are similar monuments in the Smolensk Poozerie near the village of Gorki (the so-called “French graves”) and at the site of ancient Verzhavsk near the village of Gorodishche. In the 17th century, the territory of the future park was subjected to devastating raids by Polish-Lithuanian troops. The selfless struggle of the Russian people against foreign invaders is immortalized in the names settlements : Massacre (in honor of the battle between the Russians and the Poles in 1608), Rubezh (the border between the Polish and Russian troops). Shishi (rebel settlement), Kopanevo (military earthworks). Historical monuments. At least 101 objects: memorial complexes, memorial sites (including preserved military fortifications, battle sites, burial places associated with events of Russia’s military past), architectural monuments, religious buildings. Estate ensembles. In the central part of the park until the end of the 1920s. there was a palace and park ensemble of Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky. In 1787, Empress Catherine II decided to travel to Crimea and inspect the newly annexed possessions. The complex efforts of organizing this voyage were undertaken by her favorite G. A. Potemkin. He tried to protect the empress from the slightest inconvenience and worry. Knowing that Catherine’s path would lie through Porechye. Grigory Alexandrovich hastily built a beautiful palace about 25 km away in the village of Pokrovskoye. For this purpose, the architect I. E. Starov was urgently requested from St. Petersburg. And no later than the autumn of 1786, the manor building was erected. The Pokrovsky Palace resembled the Tauride Palace. It was three stories high; there were no long wings extending the facade: the building was crowned by a beautiful rotunda with colonnades, from its windows a wonderful view opened up far around; in clear weather the domes of the riverside churches were clearly visible. The palace was built of large bricks and covered with iron. There were 60 rooms in it. Many of them were painted with views of Italy and Russia. Large lanterns were lit on the roof of the rotunda at dusk. Linden, lilac, acacia and jasmine were planted around the palace. The palace in the village of Pokrovskoye was included in the list of architectural monuments subject to protection for 1922. But soon a fire broke out in the house. Everything that could burn was burned. The bricks were dismantled for household needs by peasants. During the Great Patriotic War, the German defense line passed through the territory of the palace. The ruins remaining after the fire were almost completely destroyed. Currently, the territory of the palace is marked by ancient plantings of acacias, lindens and other ornamental plants. Churches and chapels. There are 5 objects in total: the Church of the Ascension of the Lord in the village of Przhevalskoye, an architectural monument of the 18th century. and the Church of St. George the Victorious - b/o "Chaika" - active. Three more churches previously existed in the park, but they are now destroyed. Religious buildings. There are at least 9 object locations in total: the so-called. “sacrificial stone” on the island of Lake Dgo, “village guard” near the village of Anosinki, “holy well” near the village of Zhelyuhovo, “holy well” in the village of Boroviki, stone crosses in the cemeteries of the villages of Gorka and Gorodishche, stone tombstones in the village of Glaskovo and pities. The territory of the park is extremely rich in monuments of the Great Patriotic War. Memorial landscapes and entire trench towns have been preserved on the tops of the esker ridges, occupying a significant area within the boundaries of the park, in areas where the fortification systems of the Soviet and German armies were located opposite each other. Many of the above-mentioned monuments can be objects of excursion display. Mass graves of Soviet soldiers and memorial signs, fortification structures. There are 88 objects in total. In the Demidovsky district - 76, in Dukhovshchinsky - 12. In 2007, a number of single burials located in remote places were exhumed and the remains were reburied in mass graves. Other historical and cultural sites ( memorial place, where long and persistent protests of peasants against landowner despotism took place in August 1857 - October 1859, the house-museum of N.M. Przhevalsky, memorial signs in honor of the stay of the great traveler and his companion in the village of Sloboda. house of N.I. Rylenkov, etc.). There are 13 objects in total.

On the territory where the Smolensk Poozerye National Park is now located, in 1978, on an area of ​​124 thousand hectares, the Kurov-Borsky reserve of regional significance was created. The creation of the reserve did not lead, as originally planned, to strengthening the protection of this territory from forestry and recreational pressure, and already in the mid-1980s, debate flared up again about the prospects for preserving this unique corner of the Smolensk region. The most active advocates for the idea of ​​creating a specially protected area of ​​a higher rank than a nature reserve in the Smolensk region were scientists from the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute, led by Professor N.D. Kruglov and local historian V.D. Gavrilenkov. Initially, there were even proposals such as the creation of a nature reserve in the Smolensk Poozerie region. However, the presence of the local population and significant recreational pressure on the territory became a limitation for making such a decision. By the end of the 80s, Russia already had more than a dozen national parks, the tasks of which combined the protection of natural complexes and the development of tourism while the indigenous population lived on the territory. The presence in our country of positive experience in the functioning of national parks as multifunctional territories became the determining factor when scientists chose protected areas of this rank in the Smolensk Poozerie region. Preparation of pre-design work for the organization of the national park, as well as the main approvals, were completed in a very short time - within 3 years, and on April 15, 1992, by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 247, a decision was made "On the creation of the state natural national park "Smolensk Poozerie". The project “NP “Smolensk Poozerie”” was carried out by: archaeologist, professor E.A. Shmidt; botanists-associate professors V.A. Bogomolova, N.V. Fedoskin; S. Kremen, V.B. Kozlov; zoologists-docents V.F. Pastukhov; chairman of the Demidovsky district ecology committee N.I. Podrezov; teacher-local historian A.N. Strazdin and many others. The first director of the Smolensk Poozerie National Park - S.M. Volkov (1992-2005). At the initial stage of research, the boundaries of the national park were outlined quite approximately. inclusion of the most interesting natural objects, preserved unique formations, and historical monuments within the park. Initially, it was proposed to locate the national park only within the Demidovsky district. However, a preliminary study of numerous materials and especially the relief and geology showed that for the normal development of the park, limiting it to administrative boundaries is unacceptable. It was proposed to expand the territory of the park at the expense of some areas of the neighboring Dukhovshchinsky district, which together with part of the lands of the Demidovsky district form a single landscape, within which there are close relationships between various natural complexes. The Smolensk Poozerye National Park was created by transferring into its composition the lands of the forest fund of the Slobodsky and Prechistensky mekhleskhozes, forests of the state farms of the Demidovsky and Dukhovshchinsky districts, and areas of the water fund. Agricultural lands were also included within the boundaries of the park without removing them from economic exploitation. The Smolensk Poozerye National Park is a specially protected natural area of ​​federal significance. In terms of the area of ​​forest ecosystems under its use, the park exceeds many protected areas in Central Russia. _____________________________________________ April 15, 1992 - creation of a park. 1992 – international relations have been established with the Wildlife Commission of the State of North Carolina (USA). 1993 – formation of a scientific and technical council of the park. 1995 – the beginning of participation in the international action “March of the Parks”. 1997 – release of the first issue of the newspaper “Poozerye”. 1997-97 – development of the first operational management and development plan for protected areas of the Russian Federation (management plan). 1998 – the park was accepted into the Federation of Natural and National Parks of Europe. 1999 – the first annual festival of the reserved author’s song “Baklanovsky Dawns”. 1999 – the park has been accepted into the international network of key bird areas. 2002 – the national park becomes a member of the UNESCO “Man and the Biosphere” program. 2002 – a representative office of the park has been opened in Smolensk. 2003 – the first annual festival “Fisherman’s Kitchen”. 2005 – the beginning of permanent eco-camps. January 2005 – the Information Center began its work at the national park office. 2008 – start of implementation, jointly with JSC NPK REKOD (Roscosmos), of the pilot project “Space Park” to introduce the results of space activities into the functioning of protected areas.

Mushrooms – 88 species
-lichens – 128 species
-mosses and liverworts – 145 species
-vascular plants – 953 species
-sponges – 3 types

Most of the park's territory is covered with forest - 74%. Primary forests were not preserved and were replaced by secondary forests, which also underwent significant changes. In the "Smolensk Poozerie" areas of indigenous old-growth forests with a total area of ​​359 hectares, rich in species diversity, have still been preserved. The indigenous forest-forming species is spruce (16% of the park's forests); complex spruce forests and broad-leaved spruce forests are typical. In some places, old-growth spruce forests have been preserved. They are characterized by undergrowth not only of spruce, but of linden, oak, maple, aspen, and undergrowth of honeysuckle, hazel, euonymus, and rowan. Ferns are abundant and varied in many spruce forests. Pine makes up about 12% of forest species in the Smolensk Poozerie. Areas of broad-leaved forests have been preserved. They are characterized by a mixed composition of the forest stand. Among small-leaved species, birch forests predominate in 38% of forests. Aspen forests -13%, black alder -6%. There are plantations of cedar pine (8 hectares) and larch (45 hectares).

Species included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation:

Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch, 1753
Red pollenhead Cephalanthera rubra (Linnaeus, 1753) Richard, 1817
Cypripedium calceolus Linnaeus, 1753
Baltic fingerroot Dactylorhiza baltica (Klinge) Orlova, 1970 (Dactylorhiza longifolia (L.Neuman) Averyanov, 1984)
Traunsteiner's fingerroot Dactylorhiza traunsteineri (Sauter) Soό, 1962
Lacustica Isoëtes lacustris Linnaeus, 1753
Male orchis Orchis mascula (Linnaeus, 1753) Linnaeus, 1755
Orchis militaris Linnaeus, 1753
Orchis ustulata Linnaeus, 1753
Swertia perennis Linnaeus, 1753

Varnished polypore Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karsten, 1881
Grifola frondosa (Dickson, 1785: Fries) S.F.Gray, 1821
Lobaria pulmonaria (Linnaeus) Hoffmann, 1976
Usnea florida (Linnaeus, 1753) Weber ex Wiggers, 1780

Number of registered species:

Roundworms – 1 species
- rotifers – 9 types
-ringed worms – 13 species
-collembolas – 86 species
-molluscs – 216 species
-hydra – 1 species
-flatworms – 4 types
-arachnids – 125 species
-crustaceans – 21 species
-higher insects – 2900 species
-fish and lampreys – 37 species
-amphibians – 10 species
-reptiles – 5 species
-birds – 232 species
-mammals – 54 species

The fauna of the national park is typical of forest fauna. Invertebrate animals belonging to 11 types, 21 classes, 51 orders and 112 families live here. Doctor of Biological Sciences N.K. Kruglov was the first to register such species as Lumnea fusca and lumnea dupuei for the fauna of Russia. The terrestrial fauna of invertebrates, according to preliminary data, is represented by 6 types, 10 classes, over 30 orders, many families, genera and species. The main and most common groups of soil mesofauna are: earthworms, centipedes, larvae of lamellar beetles, weevils, ground beetles, dipterans, hymenoptera, wireworms. The fauna of vertebrates is a rather complex complex of species, which in its origin is associated with the neighboring zones of taiga, western broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe and steppe. A mixture of representatives of different biocenotic zones is typical here. Wolf, fox, elk, ermine, and wild boar are widespread. Typical forest-steppe and steppe species are represented by the common vole, field mouse, common hamster, and brown hare. Typical taiga representatives are the tiny shrew, Brown bear, lynx, elk, squirrel. The park's avifauna is typical of the subzone of European coniferous-deciduous forests. Background species of forest, meadow-field and shrub-marsh habitats are chaffinch, white wagtail, tree sparrow, tree pipit, great tit, warblers (willow warbler, warbler and chiffchaff), wren, song thrush. The proportion of wetland and semi-aquatic bird species in the avifauna is very significant, partially represented by rare and endangered species, which is associated with moderate anthropogenic pressure. At the same time, the share of participation of Sinanthropus and other species that often settle near humans is small. The basis of the park's ichthyofauna is carp (53-56%). The most widespread species are roach, bream, dace, chub, rudd, bleak, as well as pike, perch, and ruff.

Hunting species

There are 35 large and small lakes of glacial origin in the park, some of which are connected by channels. The most interesting is the central group of reservoirs, located in a large pre-glacial basin and separated from each other by powerful esker ridges. These include lakes - Chistik, Sapsho, Rytoe, Mutnoe, Dgo, Baklanovskoe, Petrovskoe and others.
Fishing with a rod is permitted on lakes that are not located in protected areas closed to visitors. It is prohibited to use net fishing gear.
Every year the park hosts the regional festival “Fisherman’s Cuisine”.
The most deep lake The park is Lake Baklanovskoye - 29 m. According to the fishery classification, all lakes located in the park can be divided into 4 types.

BREAM LAKES. This type includes lakes Sapsho, Baklanovskoye, Petrovskoye, Mutnoye, Rytoye, Dgo, Mokhan. In these lakes, conditions are favorable for all age stages of bream. The ichthyofauna is dominated by bream, roach, silver bream, and rudd. Tench can be found in well-warmed areas.

PERCH-ROOM LAKES. This type includes lakes Chistik, Petrakovskoye, Krugloye, Dolgoye, Glubokoye. These lakes are distinguished by their shallow depth and strong development of surface and submerged vegetation. These conditions are favorable for grass perch and pike, which constitute the leading group of fish in this reservoir. Perch-roach lakes are a common type of reservoir, and most of the shallow lake plains belong to them.

PERCH LAKES. This type includes 2 small lakes - Maloe and Bolshoye Strechnye. These lakes are surrounded by sphagnum bogs and have an acidic environment. The ichthyofauna of these lakes is represented by one species - perch. The food for perch in these lakes is zooplankton, various forms of larvae and their own juveniles. These lakes are located in a protected area, visiting which is prohibited.

CARASS LAKES. Lakes of this type are scattered throughout the Park. They are distinguished by their small size, severe oxygen deficiency in winter, and therefore only crucian carp can exist in them.

Mud therapy is used with great success for many surgical, gynecological, otorhinolaryngological, eye and skin diseases, and for diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

2 Mineral water
Well of the sanatorium named after N.M. Przhevalsky

Drinking sulfate-calcium-magnesium water is successfully used for a number of diseases of the stomach and duodenum, gall bladder, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines.

a brief description of the most significant historical and cultural objects located within the boundaries of the protected areas:

1. Settlement (city of Verzhavsk): XI – XIII, XIV – XVII centuries. (village of Gorodishche),

2. Kurgan burial ground (31 mounds): VIII – XIII centuries. (village Anosinki)
archaeological monument; Republican category of protection

3. Stone crosses: IX – XX centuries. (Gorki village)
archaeological monument, religious monuments, local category of protection

4. House-Museum of N.M. Przhevalsky (Przhevalskoye village)
memorial monument, republican category of protection

Museums and information centers:

1 Museum of Partisan Glory
All year round
10.00 – 18.00
Closed: Monday

During World War II, this area was called a partisan republic, and the village of Sloboda (now Przhevalskoye) was its capital. On September 21, 1993, the Museum of Partisan Glory was opened here.
The exhibition, dedicated to the combat operations of partisan detachments on the territory of the Smolensk region during the war, tells about the activities of the unit under the command of the legendary N.Z. Kolyada - Bati, about the special forces of the 4th Shock and 43rd armies that liberated the Smolensk region.

2 House-Museum of N.M. Przhevalsky
All year round
10.00 – 18.00
Closed: Monday

In 1964, in honor of the 125th anniversary of the birth of N.M. Przhevalsky, the village of Sloboda was renamed Przhevalskoye and a folk museum was opened. The traveler's house, burned by the Nazis, was rebuilt and inaugurated on April 29, 1977 as a museum. In 1978, a granite bust of N.M. was installed in front of the house. Przhevalsky (sculptor G.A. Ognev).
The museum exhibit includes photographs by N.M. Przhevalsky in different periods of his life, maps of Central Asia with his personal notes, first editions of books written as a result of expeditions. Stuffed animals and skins of animals brought from Central Asia attract attention: Lopnor tiger, Tibetan bear, Orongo antelope, argali.
The traveler's office has been recreated in the house-museum.
The museum's collections contain the orders of the traveler, his personal albums with photographs of close relatives, friends and companions on the expedition.

3 Birch Bark Museum
All year round
By agreement at any convenient time
Here you can get acquainted with birch bark products, take part in master classes, and purchase a souvenir from the master.

4 Vernissage "Alone with the Tree"
All year round
Open on Sundays 12.00 – 18.00
A lover of folk traditions and souvenirs made of wood can visit the vernissage “Alone with the Tree” in the village of Boroviki, where he will also be shown an exhibition of carpentry and carpentry tools, and will be taken to the “Kunstkamera”, where there are objects associated with the terrible pages of the Great Patriotic War.

In the north-west of the Smolensk region there is a land of amazing beauty. Baikal in miniature- the great Russian traveler and naturalist Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky named a large picturesque lake with six islands and forested shores. And he has seen a lot in his lifetime! This is Lake Sapsho, the geographic center of the Smolensk Poozerie National Park. For the first time we visited the Smolensk Poozerie to find out better about the sanatorium in the park, famous for its unique sapropel mud. We had a room booked in the sanatorium for one night, and for two days we tried to drive around the vast territory of the park by car. Of course, we weren’t able to see everything, and that’s why we came here several more times.
1. The Smolensk Poozerie National Park has the status of a biosphere reserve under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere program. This park is located in the Dukhovshchinsky and Demidovsky districts, 116 km from Smolensk. Its maximum length from west to east is 55 km, from north to south - 50 km. Dense forests stretch for tens of kilometers, and among them there are 35 very beautiful and completely different lakes. It is worth noting that in this territory, in order to protect the environment, human activity is only limited, and not completely prohibited, as in nature reserves. Tourists are allowed here and economic activity is allowed on a small scale. There are special parking lots for tourists on the shores of the lakes.

2. This is the view of Lake Sapsho that opened early in the morning from the balcony of the sanatorium.

3. Lake Sapsho is the largest lake in the park. Its area is 304 hectares, maximum depth- 18 m.

4. On the northern shore of Lake Sapsho there is the house-museum of N.M. Przhevalsky - the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia. It opened after reconstruction in 2011. Life of N.M. Przhevalsky is inextricably linked with the Smolensk region. Here he was born in 1839, studied and from here went to serve, rising to the rank of major general. In 1878 he was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences. In 1881, Przhevalsky was awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of the city of Smolensk. The Sloboda estate, as the current Przhevalskoye was previously called, was purchased by him in 1881.

5. Here Przhevalsky rested, processed his diaries, wrote books and reports about his expeditions. I invited friends here to please them with my discovery not in Asia, but in the European part of Russia - such a picturesque corner of the Smolensk region. From here Przhevalsky set off on his last journey, from which he never returned. The museum contains a piece of a wooden column on which is written in Przhevalsky’s hand on the day of departure: “August 5, 1888. Goodbye, Sloboda!” He was buried on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul.

6. Located not far from the house hut - garden guardhouse, restored in 1989. It was Przhevalsky’s second home and office.

7. In the village of Przhevalskoye there is the Church of the Ascension of the Lord of the Smolensk diocese. It was built in 1782 and is an architectural monument of the 18th century.

8. On the shores of Lake Sapsho in the 4th-8th centuries (on the site of a modern civil cemetery) there was a large settlement of Krivichi Slavs.

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9. In the XV-XVIII centuries, the lands along the northern and eastern banks of Sapsho were also inhabited. And through the rivers of the Smolensk Lake District there was a path from the Varangians to the Greeks.

11. The entire bank of Sapsho from the village side is framed by a park with numerous paths and asphalt paths.

12. The Przhevalsky Sanatorium has been operating for more than 40 years. Its unique advantages are its location in a protected area, the possibility of climatic treatment, local sapropel mud, and mineral drinking water from its own well. The profile of the sanatorium is problems of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, genitourinary and nervous systems, in general a very wide profile.

13. Lake Sapsho is home to more than 20 species of fish, but my husband only caught a small fish. There was no time for fishing.

14. On the shores of Lake Sapsho there are several Holy springs.

16.

16. Descent to Lake Chistik.

17. At Lake Chistik.

18. Lake Chistik is located 2.5 km from the village of Przhevalskoye. Its area is 57 hectares, maximum depth is 24 m.

19. The lake is so called because of its absolutely clear, clean water.

20. Tourists are drawn here sand beach, clear water, diving opportunities and an abundance of crayfish. At this place the depth is about 3 meters.

21. 25 km west of the village of Przhevalskoye is the village of Baklanovskoye and the lake of the same name. This is one of the pearls of the lake district. The lake is rich in fish. Surrounded by bird cherry thickets.

22. Near this lake there is a recreation center for the Smolensk Lake District.

23. The area of ​​Lake Baklanovskoye is 221 hectares, maximum depth is 28.7 m. There is a beach and boat rentals.

26. Lake Dgo is 13 km away from the village of Przhevalskoye. Area 234 hectares, maximum depth 18.5 m. The most fishy reservoir of the national park. But we couldn’t get there. In the photo there is a channel between the lakes.

27. We found ourselves here early in the morning; there were few fishermen. We couldn't go any further due to the bad road.

28. But the landscapes are amazing!

29. Later that day we tried to drive to Verzhavsk, but the road on the last section turned out to be even worse. True, it rained in these places two days ago.

30. Our last stop.

500 km from Moscow is located amazing place, which will interest lovers of pristine nature, is the Smolensk Poozerie National Park. Thousands of tourists, lovers of outdoor recreation, and fishermen come to these wonderful places.

Where is the Smolensk Poozerie National Park located?

The reserve received its current status in 1992. It is located on the territory of the Dukhovshchinsky and Demidovsky districts of the Smolensk region. The area of ​​the park exceeds 146 hectares. The Smolensk Poozerie National Park, a photo of which we posted in this article, occupies an area in the western subregion of the continental-Atlantic climate zone. It is characterized by a temperate climate, which is moderated by heavy rainfall and the relative proximity of the Baltic Sea.

The territory of the park is the watershed of two basins - the Black and Baltic seas. It is distinguished by a diversity of relief forms that is rare for small territories: hilly and slightly hilly moraine plains, which are quite typical for the Valdai glaciation, are widely represented here. The shape of the territory resembles a rhombus. Its diagonals are fifty kilometers from north to south and fifty-five from west to east. The Smolensk Poozerye National Park got its name from the numerous lakes located on this land.

Nature of the reserve: lakes

The reserve is famous for its ponds. The local lakes differ not only in shape coastline, but also the taste and composition of the water, the vegetation covering the banks. The lakes are fed by the rivers Gobza, Elsha, Kasplya, Polovya, Western Dvina.

In total, there are thirty-five lakes on the territory of the reserve. The deepest of them is Baklanovskoye (33 m), the largest surface of water is near Lake Sapsho (304 hectares). Most of the park's territory is occupied by dark coniferous and broad-leaved forests.

Animal world

The park's fauna is typical of a forest zone. About 300 species of vertebrates, 190 species of birds, 57 species of mammals, 5 species of reptiles, 28 species of fish, 10 species of amphibians feel quite comfortable here. Along with twenty species of common mammals (fox, wolf, weasel, ermine, etc.), there are also some representatives of the steppe and forest-steppe zones.

In addition to the animals listed above, in the protected forests you can find wild boars, bears, elk, and roe deer. Smaller mammals include foxes, wolves, lynxes, and beavers.

Today, the most characteristic semi-aquatic inhabitants of the park are beavers. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, these animals were very rare on Smolensk land. They were mercilessly exterminated because of beaver stream, which is used in medicine and perfumery, and fur.

Beavers are animals that do not hibernate. In the fall, they prepare branches, slightly sinking them near the hole, creating a kind of “winter garden.” However, these reserves may not be enough for the whole winter, so at the very end of winter, missing fresh food, they go to “logging.”

Representatives of the taiga zone—the flying squirrel and the tiny shrew—are also doing well. In the park there are rare species of birds that are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: golden eagle and osprey, short-eared eagle and white-tailed eagle, black stork and peregrine falcon. True, their numbers are small. Encounters with whooper swan, falcon, greylag goose, gray and white partridge, quail and some other bird species are becoming increasingly rare.

Lakes, streams and rivers are home to valuable species of fish: brown trout, whitefish, brook trout, and even the common sculpin, which has long been listed in the Red Book.

Vegetation

The Smolensk Poozerie National Park is located on the border of subtaiga broad-leaved coniferous and coniferous forests. A peculiarity of the flora of this area is the presence of spruce-broad-leaved tracts, which have not been touched by human hands. There are very rare plants in the area:

• pollenhead longifolia;
• the shoe is real;
• Baltic palmate root;
• lake poloshnik;
• svertia perennial;
• burnt and helmet-shaped orchis;
• Baltic palmate root.

Black and gray alder, pine, spruce, aspen, and birch are widespread on protected lands.

Educational activities

The Smolensk Poozerie National Park is of great interest to science. The Park Council works closely with scientists not only from Smolensk universities, but also with the country's largest universities, as well as foreign colleagues. Environmental and educational work is being carried out in the park: the protected area is being improved, tourist routes are being developed. But priority in the park’s activities remains with environmental protection measures.

Tourism

There are no industrial enterprises or production facilities in the park. But it is not deserted: local residents living in small villages surrounded by pristine nature are engaged in subsistence farming. Neither local residents nor guests are allowed to hunt here. Therefore, every year the number of animals and birds increases.

But for the fans fishing in these places there is freedom. Fishing with a fishing rod is allowed. Lakes Baklanovskoe, Rytoe, Sapsho, and Dgo are considered the most fishy. Fishing festivals are held here, where amateurs compete in catching and cooking the best fish soup over a fire.

N. M. Przhevalsky, the great Russian scientist and traveler, worked and lived on the shore of Lake Sapsho for some time. He compared this lake with Baikal. On the banks of the Sapsho there is the village of Przhevalskoye - administrative center reserve. There is also a post office, a bank branch, a school, shops, and a clinic.

On the shores of all lakes there are places for tourists for parking and tents. The reserve staff monitors the cleanliness of these places, regularly removes garbage, and delivers firewood for fires. Parking in the park is paid. In the villages, tourists can rent a holiday house. There is a sanatorium and several recreation centers here.

Monuments

Archaeologists have been studying the Smolensk Poozerie National Park for a long time. Today, on its territory there are seventy-seven monuments from different eras. Here are just a few of them:

1. Burial grounds and settlements of the Stone Age.
2. Fortress walls of the ancient city of Verzhavsk.
3. Remains of fortifications from the Second World War and burials of soldiers.
4. Kurgan of the 8th-12th centuries near the village of Anosinki.
5. Collections of birch bark and carved wood.
6. House of N. M. Przhevalsky.
7. Churches of the 18th century in the village of Przhevalskoye and the village of. Baklanovo.

Of particular interest to tourists is the ecological trail to the holy spring.

How does the park work?

If you are planning to visit the Smolensk Poozerie National Park, the opening hours will certainly satisfy you: you can relax in the reserve at any time of the year. In summer, the weather here is magnificent; the water in rivers and lakes warms up to +22 °C. In autumn, the park is unusually picturesque and you can pick berries and mushrooms here. Everyone who loves winter holidays outdoors, they can go sledding or skiing in the park, or go winter fishing. And in the spring, the reserve comes to life after the winter cold, demonstrating to its guests the extraordinary beauty of these places.

How to get there?

We hope that you are interested in the Smolensk Poozerie National Park. How to get here? You can get there by regular bus, which goes to the village of Przhevalskoye from the bus station of Smolensk and Demidov. If you are traveling by car, then you should drive along the Moscow-Minsk and Smolensk-Velizh highways, turn outside the town of Demidov and move towards the village of Przhevalskoye (follow the signs).

The Smolensk Poozerye National Park was created. Its total area reaches 146,237 hectares. The vast territory contains many lakes, rivers, broad-leaved and dark-coniferous forests. The regulations on the Smolensk Poozerie National Park show that this organization is obliged to preserve these virgin lands, flora, fauna and endangered species of the area.

Administration location

Since its foundation, the park administration has been located in the village of Podosinki. But in 2002, the organization was registered at a new address: the village. Przhevalsky, st. Gurevich, 19. Full legal name: Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Park "Smolensk Poozerie"".

Guest Information

In the vicinity of the village, the park administration organized several tourist routes. Festivals and other cultural events are also regularly held here with the aim of environmental education of schoolchildren and the population. Park employees continue to improve the territory, which allows them to invite tourists to these places and at the same time preserve the local nature. Parking lots and observation platforms were organized for tourists; mainly, there are regular youth and children’s camps in the park’s domain.

The territory is rich archaeological sites. There are 77 of them in total. Such monuments include ancient Russian settlements, settlements, fortifications, sites left over from the Stone Age, and burial grounds.

The park has 93 historical monument. These are memorial sites and architectural remains. There are several museums and two churches here. Several ruins of temples and baths have been preserved.

The national park has its own information center, which regularly hosts exhibitions with a historical focus.

When visiting the park, in your free time from excursions, you can ride horses, go fishing or go for a walk, admiring the picturesque and primitive nature. Also in the winter season there is an opportunity to learn how to ski or snowmobile.

Large bodies of water

The Smolensk Poozerie National Park received this name due to the many lakes and rivers located on its territory. There are about 35 lakes in total, but the largest of them include:

• Sapsho (304 ha);
• Dgo (234 ha);
• Rytoe (178 ha);
• Baklanovskoye (the deepest place of the lake is 33 meters).

The major rivers of the park include (the length is indicated within the area):

• R. Elsha (59 km);
• R. Gobza (59 km);
• R. Polovya (36 km);
• R. Kasplya (27 km).

There are also 63 peat bogs on the territory.

Park climate

The Smolensk Poozerie National Park has a temperate continental climate. The transition of seasons is clearly expressed here. Summers are hot, and in winter there is a strong cooling. Sometimes cyclones come from the Atlantic, which in the summer cause rain and a drop in temperature, and in the winter - snowfalls and a decrease in frost.

Fauna of the park

Hoping to see animals in the wild, many travelers come to the Smolensk Poozerie National Park. The animals living here are represented in a wide variety. So, there are 57 species of mammals, 10 amphibians and 5 reptiles. These forests are considered the bird kingdom. There are 205 species of birds here.

Background bird species include the chaffinch, great tit, black-headed chickadee, rattler, garden warbler, gray flycatcher, tree pipit, common pipit and many others.

Waterborne representatives include the black tern, mallard, gray heron, goldeneye, snipe, great grebe, great bittern, coot and other species. During bird migrations, you can spot species that usually live in the tundra and northern taiga.

The Smolensk Poozerie National Park shelters such mammals as ermine, weasel, fox, bear, elk, wolf, lynx and wild boar.

Lakes and rivers are also rich in underwater inhabitants. The most common species are roach, ruffe, bleak, chub, pike, bream, dace and rudd.

Some representatives of the fauna are listed in the local Red Book, and it was also discovered that 18 species of birds living in the park are registered in the Red Book of Russia. Among them are the black stork, the greater spotted eagle, the osprey, the brown trout, the snake eagle, the common woodpecker and other birds.

The territory is home to the hazel dormouse, flying squirrel, river beaver, brown long-eared bat, corncrake, great snipe, white-tailed eagle, puskulka and other species listed in the International Book of Nature Conservation.

Park vegetation

As already noted, in order to preserve old-growth forests, the Smolensk Poozerie National Park was created. The photos presented in this article clearly show that the territory is dominated by spruce-broadleaf forests (spruce, oak, maple, alder, aspen and linden). There are also birch forests in the park. 74% of the entire park territory is covered with forests.

Within the Smolensk Poozerie, 880 species of vascular plants have been registered. There are 10 plants in the country's Red Book that grow in this park.

In the protected area, the following rare species have been recorded and taken under protection: water chestnut, lake grass, lady's slipper, helmeted, burnt and male orchis, Baltic and Traunsteiner's fingerroot, long-leaved pollenhead, perennial swertia.

Considering such diversity makes a great contribution to the scientific field. Scientists working on the territory of the Smolensk Poozerie cooperate with several universities in the country.

Natural features of protected areas:

1. Brief information on the history of the development of the territory.
Neolithic (New or Late Stone Age) - V millennium BC. - end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC - on the territory of the north-west of the Smolensk region is characterized by the emergence of a strong sedentary lifestyle and a significant increase in population compared to the previous era. The emergence of new hunting techniques (using various types of traps), as well as the improvement of archery, the invention of the boat and the ability to weave nets from plant fibers leads to a further intensification of hunting and the dominance of fishing in the economy. During this period, ceramic production and a new stone industry appeared - the standardization of tools according to production characteristics and their careful bilateral processing (Neolithic sites at the villages Shugailovo, Sokorevo, Mochary, Przhevalskoe - 1). At the beginning of the first millennium BC. e. in the forest belt, iron smelting from local swamp ores spreads, and the process of transition from the late Neolithic, bypassing the Bronze Age, to the early Iron Age is observed. The basis of the economy of the tribes of the Dnieper-Dvina culture was animal husbandry and agriculture, with a gradual increase in the share of the latter. Livestock farming was represented by the breeding of cattle, sheep, goats, horses and pigs (fortifications near Kholm, Stary Dvor, Sinyaki). Palynological studies of samples taken from deep peat deposits in raised bogs showed the presence of pollen of cultivated cereals and numerous cases of artificial burning of forest areas, which suggests a fairly dense population of the region and intensive slash-and-burn agriculture. Additional confirmation of this is archaeological finds a stone grain grinder (a settlement near the village of Kholm), iron axes, intended in particular for cutting down forests for agricultural land, and sickle-shaped knives used for harvesting. Gradually, numerous bone products give way to iron tools, and the technique of making pottery is also improving. The population of the Tushemlinsk culture, having replaced their predecessors - the Dnieper-Dvina tribes, goes to live in unfortified settlements - settlements like modern villages (settlement - 2: Anosinki, Podosinki settlement, Shugailovo settlement, Yerilovo settlement, etc.). Agriculture becomes the basis of the economy. The reasons that caused major changes in the life of local tribes and the formation of a new community are not completely clear. One version suggests that a decrease in precipitation and, accordingly, a significant decrease in groundwater levels led to the drying up of springs, streams and rivers, and a decrease in the size of lakes. Accordingly, people were forced to leave high, dry places and move to lower, but moist areas. Another reason can be considered the transition from the slash-and-burn farming system to fallow farming using rawl. While the important role of biological resources in human life remains, their importance has moved into the background, and land, soil and agroclimatic resources have come to the fore. The list of cultivated crops expanded: wheat, barley, rye, oats, millet, legumes, and, accordingly, labor tools were improved: sickle, grain grinder (millstone), and a scythe was invented. The production of pottery has improved. Clay was also used in the construction of blacksmith's forges, domnitsa and fireplaces (fortification near the village of Stary Dvor). The population was engaged in spinning, weaving (fortifications near the village of Baklanovo, Stary Dvor, a settlement near the village of Shugailovo), processing wood and bone, stone and other materials. The tribes of the “long barrow culture of the Smolensk region,” which replaced the Tushemlinskaya culture, made their contribution to the history of environmental management of this territory. As the population concentrated, trade and craft villages and cities began to emerge along trade routes. Their advantageous geographical position on the “route from the Varangians to the Greeks” allowed the population to engage in work on the transportation of goods and trade on the watershed with Byzantium, Western countries and the Muslim East (Verzhavsk). Throughout the entire period of the formation of Slavic culture, the main occupations continued to be agriculture, animal husbandry and various crafts (Verzhavsk had a large agricultural district, consisting of nine churchyards). Agriculture XVII-XVIII centuries. was of an intensive nature, peasants actively introduced and became dominant in three-field grain farming using annual fallows and manure fertilizer. The main crops continued to be rye and oats; flax, buckwheat, and hemp began to be sown more often. However, due to the general cooling of the climate, harvests were unstable (second half of the 17th century). Horses were used as draft force. As a rule, in addition to horses, a peasant’s household had cows, pigs, and, less often, sheep and goats. Since the end of the 17th century, vegetable gardening and horticulture have become widespread. By the middle of the 19th century. They are mostly of a consumer nature, but are present not only in villages, but also in county towns. In Porechye, for example, market gardening developed: valuable varieties of garden crops were bred and cultivated - cucumbers, tobacco, etc. Fruit orchards are being planted everywhere, which were previously characteristic only of landowner farms. Local peasants specialize in the production of “forest products” - timber, boards, rivets, masts. In the second half of the 18th century, agricultural products were already produced for sale. Up to 350 ships with cargo of nine to ten pounds each left the Porech pier every year. Industrial logging began for shipping abroad, which continued throughout the 19th century: logs were driven along rivers until Western Dvina to Riga and beyond. Agriculture continued to be the main occupation of the majority of the population. Peasant lands were used by the peasant community. The most common was a neighboring land community with per capita income (in cash) men's souls ) distribution of land with periodic redistributions, with independent allocation of payments and duties between its members. The disintegration of the community in connection with the rapid development of capitalism, after the abolition of serfdom, affected the spread of household land ownership within and outside the community, in the concentration of communal lands in the hands of kulaks. The most widespread was the steam grain farming system, which was formed in feudal Rus'. It was well adapted to the local climate and subsistence farming conditions. But, along with the steam system, the ancient slash-and-burn system was also used for a long time, when in the forest, with the help of fire and an ax, areas for sowing grain were cleared of trees and bushes. In general, the economy of this forest region was poorly developed; people lived on their own closed subsistence economy. The tools of labor of the majority of the peasantry continued to remain traditional for a long time. The dominant form of arable implement was the plow, gradually replaced by the plow, loosening - the harrow, and threshing - the flail, although local landowners (the village of Glaskovo) tried to take measures to equip their farms with more advanced tools and mechanisms. Livestock farming was predominantly of an auxiliary nature, associated with agriculture. Beekeeping was widespread in the villages, mainly beekeeping, although there were also cases of beekeeping. The production at home of things needed in the household or everyday life had a long tradition. A prominent place was occupied by: various dishes and utensils (Porechye), agricultural implements (Rudnya, Glaskovo), carts (Yarilovo), furniture, furnishings, fabrics, jewelry, shoes, clothing and much more. Products of local handicraftsmen and artisans were sold mainly at local fairs and bazaars (Porechye, Pokrovskoye, Glaskovo, Baklanovo, etc.). In the 19th and early 20th centuries. Numerous and diverse branches of crafts and trades have developed (pottery, saddlery, tailoring, tar, etc.), associated with the processing of wood, wool, flax, hemp, leather, the manufacture of pottery, metal processing, construction, and the production of tools; timber chemical industries, etc. In the village. In Glaskovo there was a large distillery that produced 40 thousand buckets of alcohol per year; the potash plant was located near the building. Semeshki - Chizhaki, glass factory - near the village. Baklanovo. The multi-field farming system finally prevailed at the turn of the 20s-30s of the twentieth century after the collectivization of agriculture, which at that time had a flax-growing and livestock-raising bias. Small individual farms were consolidated into single enlarged socialist farms - collective farms and, later, state farms. In the pre-war years, collective farmers received high yields of flax and grain. The collective farm “New Oak” (now the lands of the state farm “Goncharovsky”) was represented at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow for its high yields and was awarded an order. Fishing was predominantly of an auxiliary nature. During the year, local residents caught fish with drag nets, seines, norots, etc. Later, an officially organized artel (a fish factory in the village of Sloboda) carried out regular fishing, supplying it to the canteen and shops. Before the Great Patriotic War, commercial catch of bream and pike perch alone from Sapsho amounted to 10 tons per year. In the post-war years, only on the territory of the modern “Smolensk Poozerie” there were 4 timber industry enterprises that harvested timber and firewood. The annual rafting of thousands of cubic meters of wood continued. Planned felling was underway. Administrative-territorial and administrative-economic reforms carried out in the region at the turn of the 50s led to the consolidation of collective and state farms, which resulted in an increase in land included in production, increased mechanization of labor, and the spread of more efficient industrial technologies.
At the end of the 1960s. During subsoil exploration on the territory of the modern Smolensk Poozerie NP, mineral water was discovered at a depth of 200 m, and high-concentration mineral brines were found at a depth of 985 m. At the bottom of Lake Mutnoe, healing sapropel mud has been discovered. All this contributed to the creation of a sanatorium-resort area in the vicinity of the village of Przhevalskoye. Collective farms, which at the time of perestroika owned the main agricultural lands, were abolished, and state farms practically lost their importance. An intensified process of reducing sown areas, turfing and overgrowing of cultivated lands with shrubs began. At the same time, the importance of personal plots became almost absolute. The load on the natural resources of the park has increased with intensive consumption of fish and plant resources and game reserves.

2. Area of ​​transformed (anthropogenically modified) territories (ha) - not available

3. Area of ​​intact territories (ha) - not available

4. Degree of modern anthropogenic impact - none

5. Brief characteristics of the relief: Minimum height - 163.3, Maximum height - 248.5

6. Notable geological and geomorphological objects: The “Devil's Ditch” tract - Mikulin interglacial deposits were discovered at the mouth of the tract at a relatively shallow depth.

7. Brief description of the climate:
- Average monthly air temperature in January is -8.3°C;
- Average monthly air temperature in July +17.0°C;
- Sum of active temperatures (for the period with average daily temperatures above 10 °C) (degrees) 1910 - 1960;
- Annual precipitation is 702-729 mm;
- Frequency of winds (in percentage) in the main and intermediate directions: direction - South, frequency of winds 33.5%;
- Duration of the growing season is 131-135 days;
- The duration of the period with stable snow cover is 130-135 days;
- Snow depth 34 cm;
- Frequency of occurrence of dangerous climatic phenomena: type of dangerous climatic phenomena - heavy winds, thunderstorms, showers, snowfalls, blizzards, ice, icing, ice dams, sudden changes in atmospheric pressure; periodicity - spontaneously.

8. Brief characteristics of the soil cover: soil-forming and bedrock - Devonian deposits, depth from 40 to 130 m.

9. Short description hydrological network.
The area of ​​wetlands (wetlands) is 22,527 hectares, which is 15% of the park’s territory.
- Natural watercourses (rivers and streams): Total number (rivers and streams) - 33; total length - 756.8 km; total area - 8096.8 hectares.
- Swamps: total number - 33, total area 16,000 hectares.
- Main hydrological objects:
Area (ha) of lakes within the protected areas:
Oz. Shchuchye - 180, lake Sapsho - 304, lake. Baklanovskoe – 221, lake. Dgo – 234, lake. Petrovskoye – 94, lake. Rytoe – 178, lake. Demyan – 21, lake. Glisnoe – 1.3, lake. Mutnoe – 13.5, lake. Glubokoe – 5.5, lake. Long – 3.4, lake. Krugloye – 1.8, lake. Brus – 2.5, lake. Elsha - 95, lake. Petrakovskoe – 23, lake. Kogabets - 3.6, lake. Stakhnevo - 4.5, lake. Loshamyo – 34, lake. Gniloye – 1.2, lake. Bakhovskoe – 4.3, lake. Svyatets – 1.5, lake Chistik – 57, lake B. Strechnoye - 4.3, lake. M. Strechnoye - 2.5, lake. Gniloye (near Lake Rytoye) – 1.5, lake. Bukino – 62, lake. Rzhavets – 32, lake. Poganoe – 5.2, lake. Vervizhskoe – 115, lake. Paltsevskoye – 51, lake. Beloe – 11, lake. Mohan - 15, lake. Okunevoe, lake Stretnoe (Stakhnevo) – 4, lake. Sinyakovskoe - 1.5.
Area (ha) of rivers within the protected areas (the length (km) of rivers within the protected areas is indicated in brackets):
R. Elsha - 1450 (66.9), r. Sapshanka – 34 (12), r. Vasilevka – 217 (32), r. Zhelyukhovka – 28 (10), r. Hideaway – 125 (31), r. Ilzhitsa – 84.2 (12), r. Dolzhitsa (mouth) – 440 (18), r. Serteika – 142 (34), r. Chaff – 514 (40).

10. Brief characteristics of flora and vegetation: 953 species of higher vascular plants.

Lands covered with forest vegetation, total - 105245 hectares - 92.0% of the area of ​​protected areas.
The lands are not covered with forest vegetation, in total - 2792 hectares - 2.4% of the protected area area.

Predominant types of plant communities:
1) Types of plant communities - spruce-broadleaf forest. Source - Vascular plants of the national park "Smolensk Poozerie" / Series "Flora and fauna of national parks". Issue 2.-M., 2002. - 94 p. Author - N.M. Reshetnikova, Composition - Festuca altissima, Polygonatum multiflorum, Aconitum septentrionale, Ranunculus cassubicus, Ranunculus lanuginosus, Dentaria bulbifera, Campanula latifolia. Nemoral species Festuca altissima, Carex sylvatica, Gagea lutea, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus cassubicus are common in linden trees... Elm trees are common in the valleys of forest streams, where Ulmus glabra is common, and in open areas, along the banks of rivers and lakes, Ulmus laevis grows. Ranunculus lanuginosus, Carex remota, Bromopsis benekenii, Aconitum lasiostromum, Circaea lutetiana are common among elm trees. Characteristics - in the park, broad-leaved forests (oak, elm, ash) are represented in small fragments. Pure linden stands are often found in clear-cut areas. Spruce is usually mixed with broad-leaved species to one degree or another.
2) Types of plant communities - oak forests. Characteristics - there are practically no oak forests, but there are individual specimens of very old oaks, especially many of them have been preserved in the eastern part, where ancient oaks remained among long-developed fields, hay meadows, and on the edges of birch forests. Distribution (% of the total area of ​​protected areas) – 16.
3) Types of plant communities – pine forests. Composition - complex pine forests: Carex montana, Anemone sylvestris, Aquilegia vulgaris, Vicia cassubica, Vicia tenuifolia, Geranium sanguineum, Thymus serpyllum, Astragalus danicus, Lathyrus niger, Viola rupestris. Green moss pine forests: Lycopodium clavatum, Lycopodium complanatum, Festuca trachyphylla, Lerchenfeldia flexuosa, Carex ericetorum, Pyrola chlorantha, Hypopitys monotropa, Acrostaphylos uva-ursi. Swampy pine forest: Carex heleonastes, Carex irrigua, Carex brunnescens. Sphagnum pine: Listera cordata, Rubus chamaemorus. Characteristics - pine forests of high quality are found along moraine ridges in the central and in some places in the western part of the park, where complex pine forests along the shores of lakes, nemoral pine forests, nemoral pine forests and green-moss pine forests are typical, areas of bracken, reed grass, and heather pine forests are found. In the eastern and northeastern parts, pine is common in raised and transitional bogs; in some places on the ridges there are areas of green moss pine forests, reed grass pine forests, along the outskirts of the swamps - blueberry and sphagnum pine forests, cotton grass. There are practically no white moss hogs, but they are occasionally found on the tops of the ridges small areas with Cladonia. Most pine forests bear traces of anthropogenic impact: traces of trenches, trenches, and fires. In many areas of the pine forest there is now active regrowth of spruce and weak regeneration of pine. Distribution (in % of the total area of ​​protected areas) – 12.
4) Types of plant communities – birch forests. Composition - Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Carex dioica,. Characteristics - birch forests occupy significant areas in the park. Of the indigenous ones, only the loosestrife birch forest with thick peat soil on glaciolacustrine deposits was noted. Here the forest stand is formed by downy birch (Betula pubescens), and species characteristic of lowland swamps are often found in the grass cover. Most of the birch forests are secondary and are formed by silver birch (Betula pendula). Birch forests are diverse in the composition of the lower tiers, depending on their origin, forms of previous and modern economic use, duration of existence, and soil conditions. Distribution (% of the total area of ​​protected areas) – 38.
5) Types of plant communities – aspen forests. Characteristics - pure aspen forests are rare; aspen forests with spruce are more common. Distribution (in % of the total area of ​​protected areas) – 13.
6) Types of plant communities – alder forests. Composition - Carex dioica, Carex irrigua, Carex loliacea, Eriophorum gracile, Salix myrtilloides, Salix rosmarinifolia, Betula humilis, Noneses uniflora, Polygonum bistorta. Characteristics - black alder is found along the marshy shores of lakes, along the outskirts of sphagnum bogs. Black alder forests with tall grass near the shores of lakes and rivers are common. Fields and former hay meadows near rivers are overgrown with sulfur alder. The flora of gray alder forests is poor and inexpressive; nitrophilous species are common, dominated by Urtica dioica. Silene dioica and Elymus caninus were recorded only in gray alder forests. Distribution (in % of the total area of ​​protected areas) – 6.
7) Types of plant communities - meadows. Composition - Sieglingia decumbens, Coeloglossum viride, Dacthylorhiza baltica, Epipactis palustris, Gymnadenia conopsea, Iris sibirica, Lathyrus palustris, Gladiolus imbricatus, Carex atherodes, Delphinium elatum, Lunaria rediviva, Campanula trachelium. Characteristics - the area of ​​hay and pasture meadows, previously widespread in the park, is now sharply declining. The meadows are overgrown with willow bushes and birch, but in some places the villages still have hayfields and pastures. Meadows with limited grazing or irregular mowing, as well as floodplain hay meadows, are especially floristically rich.
8) Types of plant communities - swamps. Composition - the Pelyshev Moss sphagnum massif is floristically diverse: Platanthera b ifolia, Dactylorhiza maculata, Carex irrigua, Carex chordorrhiza, Rhynchospora alba, Hammarbia paludosa, Salix auritax Salix myrtilloides, Salix lapponum, Salix myrtilloides, Drosera x obovata, Empetrum nigrum, Oxycoccus microcarpus, Drosera anglica . Rafting along the shores of overgrown lakes with Stratiotes aloides, Calamagrostis langsdorfii, Zizania latifolia, Hippuris vulgaris, Utricularia intermedia, Utricularia minor, Carex pauciflora, Eleocharis mamillata is common. Characteristics - according to the All-Russian Geological Fund, the area of ​​all swamp massifs (33) in the park is about 16 thousand hectares. The Vervizhsky peat bog is one of the few large bogs in the region that have been preserved in their natural state. This peat bog significantly influences the water balance of large areas, forms a certain climate of the area, is the habitat of a number of rare and endangered plants, valuable berries, and certain species of birds stop here to rest. Distribution (in % of the total area of ​​protected areas) – 10.
9) Types of plant communities - water bodies. Composition - found on the lakes: Sparganium gramineum, Thypha angustifolia, Najas marina, Ranunculus reptans Elatine hydropiper. Characteristics - the flora and vegetation of reservoirs is diverse, because lakes, for example, differ in trophic content, flow rate, etc.

11. Brief information about the forest fund:
1) The name of the forest district, forest parks, within the boundaries of which the protected area is located - Shurovskoe district forest district. Species composition - pine, spruce, ash, maple, elm, birch, aspen, gray alder, black alder, linden. Age composition (average age, years) – 50.
2) The name of the forest district, forest parks, within the boundaries of which the protected area is located - Elshansky district forest district. Species composition - pine, spruce, larch, cedar, ash, maple, birch, aspen, gray alder, black alder, linden. Age composition (average age, years) – 53.
3) The name of the forest district, forest parks, within the boundaries of which the protected area is located - Glaskovskoe district forest district. Species composition - pine, spruce, oak of seed origin (high-trunked), ash, elm, birch, aspen, gray alder, black alder, linden. Age composition (average age, years) – 51.
4) The name of the forest district, forest parks, within the boundaries of which the protected area is located - Baklanovskoe district forest district. Species composition - pine, spruce, seed oak (high-trunk), ash, elm, birch, aspen, gray alder, black alder, linden. Age composition (average age, years) – 37.
5) The name of the forest district, forest parks, within the boundaries of which the protected area is located - Kurov-Borskoe district forest district. Species composition - pine, spruce, oak of seed origin (high-trunked), birch, aspen, gray alder, black alder, linden. Age composition (average age, years) – 53.
6) The name of the forest district, forest parks, within the boundaries of which the protected area is located - Loshamyevskoe district forest district. Species composition - pine, spruce, cedar, maple, elm, birch, aspen, gray alder, black alder, linden. Age composition (average age, years) – 49.
7) The name of the forest district, forest parks, within the boundaries of which the protected area is located - Vervizhskoe district forest district. Species composition - pine, spruce, birch, aspen, gray alder, black alder, linden. Age composition (average age, years) – 58.
8) The name of the forest district, forest parks, within the boundaries of which the protected area is located - Petrovskoe district forest district. Species composition - pine, spruce, ash, birch, aspen, gray alder, black alder, linden. Age composition (average age, years) – 39.
9) The name of the forest district, forest parks, within the boundaries of which the protected area is located - Gobzyanskoe district forest district. Species composition - pine, spruce, seed oak (high-trunk), ash, birch, aspen, gray alder, black alder, linden. Age composition (average age, years) – 38.
10) The name of the forest district, forest parks, within the boundaries of which the protected area is located - Ribshevsky district forest district. Species composition - pine, spruce, oak of seed origin (tall), maple, birch, aspen, gray alder, black alder. Age composition (average age, years) – 58.

Predominant forest types:
1) Group of types - BR (lingonberry). Area (ha) – 3627.% of the total area – 2.5.
2) Group of types - BT (swamp-grass). Area (ha) – 9731.% of the total area – 6.7.
3) Group of types - D (long-haul). Area (ha) – 3976.% of the total area – 2.7
4) Group of types - LISH (lichen). Area (ha) – 3.%
5) Group of types - MSh (small-broad-grass). Area (ha) – 686.% of the total area – 0.5.
6) Group of types - PM (floodplain). Area (ha) – 10.
7) Group of types - PRCh (stream). Area (ha) – 1307.% of the total area – 0.9.
8) Group of types - SL (complex). Area (ha) – 64145.% of the total area – 43.9.
9) Group of types - SF (sphagnum). Area (ha) – 6516.% of the total area – 4.5.
10) Group of types - H (blueberry). Area (ha) – 17949.% of the total area – 12.3.

Main age groups of forest-forming species and their area (ha):
1) Conifers, total - 30407, young growths of the 1st class - 2524, young growths of the 2nd class - 6892, middle-aged - 15466, ripening - 3334, ripe and overripe - 2191.
- pine, total - 12993, young trees - 1711, middle-aged - 9740, ripening - 1002, ripe and overripe - 540;
- spruce, total - 17361, young trees - 7652, middle-aged - 5726, ripening - 2332, ripe and overripe - 1651;
- larch, total – 45, young trees – 45;
- cedar, total – 8, young trees – 8.
2) Hardwood, total -595, young growth of class 1 - 18, young growth of class 2 - 79, middle-aged - 494, ripening -1, ripe and overripe - 3.
- tall oak, total - 37, young trees - 10, middle-aged - 23, ripening - 1, ripe and overripe - 3;
- ash, total – 456, young trees – 65, middle-aged – 391;
- maple, total – 82, young trees – 22, middle-aged – 60;
- elm and other elms, total – 20, middle-aged – 20.
3) Soft-leaved trees, total – 76903, young growths of the 1st class – 1804, young growths of the 2nd class – 4627, middle-aged – 60619, ripening – 4177, ripe and overripe – 5676.
- birch, total - 42367, young trees - 3308, middle-aged - 36877, ripening - 1239, ripe and overripe - 943;
- aspen, total - 14206, young trees - 1908, middle-aged - 6420, ripening - 2021, ripe and overripe - 3857;
- black alder, total - 6425, young trees - 120, middle-aged - 4719, ripening - 797, ripe and overripe - 789;
- gray alder, total - 11839, young trees - 981, middle-aged - 10671, ripening - 119, ripe and overripe - 68;
- linden, total - 2066, young trees - 114, middle-aged - 1932, ripening - 1, ripe and overripe - 19.
4) Shrubs, total - 45, middle-aged - 1, ripe and overripe - 44.
- bush willow, total - 45, middle-aged - 1, ripe and overripe - 44.
A total of 107,950, young growth – 15,944, middle-aged – 76,580, ripening – 7,512, ripe and overripe – 17,914.

Brief description of the main ecosystems of protected areas:
1) pine forests - of the five types of pine forests, there are all of them, except white-moss hogs. The main types:
Vascular plants: Pinus sylvestris L., Betula pendula Roth., Calluna vulgaris (L) Hill, Lycopodium clavatum L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Hepatica nobilis Mill., Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench. , Juniperus communis L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.
Birds: Parus cristatus L., Tetrao urogallus L., Picoides tridactylus L., Regulus regulus L..
Mammals: Martes martes L., Sciurus vulgaris L., Ursus arctos L., Capreolus capreolus L., Alces alces (L).
2) spruce forests - main types:
Vascular plants: Picea abies (L.) Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Populus tremula L., Betula pubescens Ehrh., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idae, Sorbus aucuparia L. Oxalis acetosella L., Lycopodium annotinum L. , Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench.
Birds: Nucifraga caryocatactes (L.), Tetrao urogallus L., Regulus regulus L., Parus cristatus L., Tetrastes bonasia (L.), Troglodytes troglodytes (L.), Aegolius funereus (L.).
Mammals: Martes martes L., Sciurus vulgaris L., Lynx lynx L., Sus scrofa L., Lepus timidus L., Sylvaemus uralensis (Pal.), Ursus arctos L., Alces alces (L.).
3) spruce-deciduous forests - main species:
Vascular plants: Picea abies (L.) Karst, Quercus robur L., Tilia cordata Mill., Frangula alnus Mill., Aegopodium podagraria L., Carex pilosa Scop., Carex sylvatica Huds. Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod., Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm., Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt, Paris quadrifolia L., Corylus avellana L., Asarum europaeum L.
Birds: Nucifraga caryocatactes (L.), Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Dendrocopos major (L.), Regulus regulus L., Parus cristatus L., Tetrastes bonasia (L.), Troglodytes troglodytes (L.), Aegolius funereus (L .), Turdus merula L., Columba oenas L., Sitta europaea L., Strix aluco L., Parus major L., Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas.
Mammals: Martes martes L., Sciurus vulgaris L., Lynx lynx L., Sus scrofa L., Lepus timidus L., Sylvaemus flavicollis Melchior, Capreolus capreolus L.
4) oak forests - main types:
Vascular plants: Quercus robur L., Tilia cordata Mill., Fraxinus excelsior L., Allium ursinum L., Acer platanoides L., Convallaria majalis L., Ulmus glabra Huds., Ulmus laevis Pall., Carex sylvatica Huds., Geranium robertianum L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, Paris quadrifolia L..
Amphibians: Rana temporaria (L.), Bufo viridis (Laur.).
Birds: Dendrocopos medius (L.), Oriolus oriolus (L.), Picus viridis L., Troglodytes troglodytes L., Turdus philomelos C.L.Brechm, Turdus merula L., Parus palustris L., Parus caeruleus L., Parus major L. , Sitta europaea L., Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas, Silvia atricapilla (L.), Phylloscopus collybita (Vieillot), Luscinia luscinia (L.).
Mammals: Martes martes L., Capreolus capreolus L., Alces alces (L.), Sus scrofa L., Dryomis nitedula Pallas.
5) swamps - main types:
Vascular plants and mosses: Betula humilis Schr., Andromeda polifolia L., Empetrum nigrum, Ledum palustre L., Oxycoccus palustris Pers., Eriophorum vaginatum L., Carex limosa L., Rubus chamaemorus L., Sphagnum angustifolium Jens., Sphagnum fuscum Schimp.) Kling., Sphagnum fallax Kling.
Birds: Grus grus (L.), Lagopus lagopus (L.), Anthus pratensis (L.), Motacilla flava (L.).
6) small-leaved forests - main types:
Vascular plants: Betula pendula Roth., Betula pubescens Ehrh., Populus tremula L., Calluna vulgaris (L) Hill, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Calamagrostis epigeios (L.), Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.), Molinia caerulea (L .) Moench., Frangula alnus Mill., Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs, Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth., Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt.
Amphibians: Bombina bombina L., Rana temporaria (L).
Birds: Turdus merula L., Cuculus canorus L.
Mammals: Alces alces (L.), Apodemus agrarius (Pallas), Lepus timidus L., Vulpes vulpes (L.), Erinaceus europaeus L.
7) water meadows - main types:
Vascular plants: Carex nigra (L.), Carex omskiana Meinshausen, Carex vesicaria L., Carex acuta L., Carex aquatilis Wahlenb., Carex vaginata Tausch.
Birds: Porzana porzana (L.), Emberiza schoeniclus (L.).
Mammals: Ondatra zibethica (L.), Lutra lutra L., Sus scrofa L.
8) meadows - main types:
Vascular plants: Ranunculus acris L., Deschampsia caespitosa (L.), Festuca pratensis Huds., Agrostis capillaries L., Phleum pratense L., Alopecurus pratensis L., Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scopoli, Trifolium pratense L., Hypericum maculatum Crantz.
Birds: Crex crex (L.), Vanellus vanellus (L.), Alauda arvensis L., Emberiza aureola Pallas, Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth.
Mammals: Talpa europaea L., Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber, Sorex araneus L.
9) water bodies - main types:
Vascular plants: the most representative Elodea canadensis Mihx., Myosotis palustris (L.), L.Cynosurus cristatus L., Deschampsia caespitosa (L.)Beauv., Festuca rubra L., Phleum pratense L., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin . ex Steud., Poa supina Schrad., Carex acuta L., Carex cespitosa L. Scirpus lacustris L., Scirpus sylvaticus L., Iris pseudacorus L., Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith., Equisetum palustre L.
Among rare species It should be noted Dactylorhiza baltica (Klinge) Orlova, Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) in bulk, Gladiolus imbricatus L., Iris sibirica L.
Fish: Esox lucius (L.), Rutilus rutilus (L.), Silurus glanis L., Leucaspius leucaspius (Heckel), Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.), Tinca tinca (L.), Abramis brama (L.), Carassius carassius (L.), Misgurnis fossilis (L.), Lota lota (L.), Perca fluviatilis (L.), Alburnus alburnus (L.), Gobio gobio (L.).
Amphibians: Bombina bombina (L.), Rana ridibunda Pallas, Triturus vulgaris (L.).
Birds: Anas platyrhynchos L., Anas querquedula L., Anas clypeata L., Alcedo attis (L.), Motacilla alba L.
Mammals: Castor fiber L., Lutra lutra L.
10) agricultural land - main types:
Birds: Crex crex (L.), Coturnix coturnix (L.), Perdrix perdrix (L.), Alauda arvensis L., Circus cyaneus (L.), Buteo buteo (L.), Falco tinnunculus L.
Mammals: Microtus arvalis (Pallas), Microtus agrestis (L.), Apodemus agrarius (Pallas), Lepus europaeus Pallas, Sus scrofa L., Vulpes vulpes (L.).

Brief description of natural objects located in the protected area that are especially valuable for the region or this protected area:
1) The “Vervizhsky Mokh” swamp system is a complex of swamp tracts with a total area of ​​7810 hectares with an industrial deposit area of ​​6130 hectares. It contains all types of deposits: high, mixed, transitional and lowland and is one of the largest peat bogs of the Smolensk Poozerie. The total peat reserve is 29,135,000 tons with a maximum thickness of 10.2 m. On an area of ​​718 hectares, peat is underlain by sapropels with an average thickness of 0.33 m. In the center of the swamp there are three small residual reservoirs-lakes - Vervizhskoe, Paltsevskoe and Beloe. This is probably one of the last places in the Smolensk region where nesting of the black-throated loon has been reliably confirmed! Several watercourses originate from the peat bog, the main one being the Arzhat River, flowing from Lake Vervizhskoye. Moss significantly influences the water balance of large areas (including those adjacent to the park), forms a certain climate of the area, is a habitat for a number of valuable rare and endangered plants, valuable berries (cranberries, blueberries, blueberries, crowberries, lingonberries), where people stop to rest and feeding numerous species of birds on migration, rare predators nest.
For the base of the peat bog, an absolute C14 dating was obtained - 9790±50 years (7).
The border position of the swamp complex and the lack of good access roads to it from the west seriously limits the possibilities of protecting this important natural site.
Cotton grass-sphagnum community.
2) The Pelyshev Mokh swamp system - the area of ​​the swamp is 1622 hectares, including the industrial deposit - 1389 hectares and is represented mainly by upland deposits with a maximum peat thickness of 6.2 m and its total reserves - 3,178,000 tons. Sapropel deposits are present in the area 125 hectares with an average thickness of 1.04 m. Several small streams flow from the swamp (7).
3) Lake Sapsho is the largest body of water in the park. The area is 304 hectares, the maximum depth is 18.6 m, the average is 7.3 m. In the past, the lake was very rich in fish; pike perch was noted as part of the ichthyofauna. Good food resources make it possible to increase the fish productivity of Lake Sapsho and use it for organizing fishing tourism. There are 20 species of fish in the lake.
4) Lake Chistik - has constant groundwater supply and an almost complete absence of surface drainage. The lake is surrounded on all sides by sandy ridges tightly approaching the shore. The lack of surface feeding is an extremely rare phenomenon for lakes in the north-west of the country. In this regard, the lake. Chistik is unique. The area of ​​the lake is 57 hectares, the maximum depth is 23.5 m, the average is 9.0 m. By origin, the basin of the reservoir is thermokarst; according to the classification, the reservoir belongs to mesotrophic lakes with signs of oligotrophy. The transparency of the water in Chistik does not fall below 4–6 m throughout the year. The picturesque landscape, rugged topography of the bottom of the reservoir, and clean water attract fishermen and underwater fishing enthusiasts. Although the lake is not distinguished by a large number of fish, large specimens of pike, perch, and burbot are found here. In total, 10 species of fish live in the lake.

Brief description of natural medicinal and recreational resources:
1) mineralized groundwater - wells in the village of Przhevalskoye revealed sulfate water with a mineralization of 1.8 to 5.0 g/l from depths of 130-250 m. Sodium bromide chloride brines with a mineralization of 135 g/l were recovered from a depth of 1050 m. Mineral waters are used for treatment in the Przhevalsky sanatorium.
2) saprol mud - significant deposits of sapropel have been discovered from some lakes, which has balneological properties and is used to treat vacationers in the Przhevalsky sanatorium.
3) lake-river network - 35 lakes of glacial origin, 33 watercourses with clean water suitable for organizing active water tourism, sports and recreational fishing.
4) highly dissected terrain - hills, kamas, eskers, terminal moraine ridges, lake basins, river valleys with low absolute and relative heights are favorable for development various types recreation both in winter and summer.
5) favorable climatic conditions- temperate continental climate with moderately warm summers and moderate warm winter. The wind conditions are also favorable.
6) Rich vegetation cover, the presence of unique forest ecosystems - an abundance of mushrooms, berries, nuts, old-growth broad-leaved forests.
7) The fauna is rich in species - more than 2000 species of invertebrates, 237 species of birds, 54 species of mammals, 10 species of amphibians, 7 species of reptiles.
8) historical and cultural monuments - characteristic categories of historical and cultural monuments are presented, covering the time interval from the Mesolithic to the 20th century. In total there are more than 150 historical and cultural monuments.

Brief description of the most significant historical and cultural objects located within the boundaries of the protected area
1) The Podosinka settlement is an archaeological monument: Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, Early Iron Age, mid-third quarter of the 1st millennium AD. VIII – X centuries
2) Site “Mochura I” - Neolithic.
3) Site “Mochura II” - Neolithic.
4) Settlement "Verzhavsk" - XI – XIII, XIV – XVII centuries. An archeological monument of federal protection category.
5) Selishche (city of Verzhavsk) - IX – X, XI – XIII, XIV – XVII centuries. An archeological monument of federal protection category.
6) Kurgan burial ground (31 mounds) Anosinki - VIII – XIII centuries. Archeological monument of federal significance.
7) Kurgan burial ground (44 mounds) (city of Verzhavsk - necropolis) - X - XI centuries. Archeological monument of federal significance.
8) Kurgan burial ground Przhevalskoe 1 (42 mounds) - VIII – X, XI – XIII centuries. Archaeological monument.
9) Kurgan burial ground Przhevalskoye 2 (17 mounds) - VIII – X, XI – XIII centuries. Archaeological monument.
10) Kurgan burial ground Przhevalskoe 3 (8 mounds) - VIII – X, XI – XIII centuries. Archaeological monument.
11) Church of the Ascension of the Lord - 1782. Architectural monument.
12) House-Museum of N.M. Przhevalsky (Przhevalskoye village) - 1881-1888. Memorial monument of federal significance.
13) Fraternal Cemetery No. 5 - a monument and mass burial of the remains of over 300 soldiers (Przhevalskoye settlement), a historical monument.
14) Fraternal Cemetery No. 4 - 1. monument and burial of 2728 soldiers (Przhevalskoye village), historical monument.

12. Brief information about the animal world
Types of fauna:
Latin name – Russian name - Number for the reporting period (individuals) 2015 - Density for the reporting period
Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 - Common squirrel – 5682 - 38.42
Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 – Wolf – 32 – 0.21
Mustela erminae Linnaeus, 1758 – Ermine – 73 – 0.49
Lepus timidus Linnaeus, 1758 - Mountain hare – 2687 – 18.17
Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 - Brown hare – 89 – 0.6
Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 – Wild boar – 81 – 0.54
Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) - European roe deer – 10 – 0.06
Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) - Forest marten – 263 – 1.77
Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common fox – 140 – 0.94
Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) – Elk – 160 – 1.08
Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) – Lynx – 7 – 0.04
Mustela putorius Linnaeus, 1758 - Forest polecat, or black – 142 – 0.96
Lutra lutra Linnaeus, 1758 - River otter – 164* – 1.1*
Mustela lutreola Linnaeus, 1761 - European mink – 403* – 2.72*
Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 - European beaver – 677* – 4.57*
*The number and density of the River Otter, European Mink and European Beaver are given for 2014.

Biotopes (habitat) of the main protected species and % of the habitat area of ​​the species from the total area of ​​protected areas: forest – 75, field – 19, swamp – 6.