Acre, city Acre, or Acres, was an ancient city in Sicily, the ruins of which are located in the mountains near the Anapo spring, above the present Palazzolo Acreide (west of Syracuse).
Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .
See what “Acre, city” is in other dictionaries:
- (St. Jean d'Acre) see Akka...
- ... Wikipedia
- (Akka, in ancient times Akko), at one time Ptolemais, small town on northwest Israel, located on a small cape on the northern side of Haifa Bay, 16 km northeast of Haifa. The city stands on a narrow coastal plain west of Lower... Geographical encyclopedia
At one time Ptolemais, a small city in northwestern Israel, is located on a small promontory on the northern side of the Gulf of Acre, 16 km northeast of Haifa. The city stands on a narrow coastal plain west of the Lower Galilee. Akra is the only... Collier's Encyclopedia
Acre: Acre (Crimea) is an ancient Greek port city that completely sank under water in the fourth century BC. Acre Cape in Greece. Acre block in Jerusalem. Acre is one of the names of the ancient city of Acre. Acre fortress in Syria... ... Wikipedia
- (Hebrew: עיר דוד Ir David) oldest populated area Jerusalem on the site of the ancient city of the period of the Jebusites (who called it Jebus), as well as the period of the First and Second Temples of Jerusalem. Already in the Bronze Age it was surrounded by walls... ... Wikipedia
Acre (according to the Chald. Hakra, from the Greek άκρα, high, fortified place) is the special name of one quarter of ancient Jerusalem, the so-called Lower City (Shuk Gatakhton), which surrounded the upper city (properly Zion) in a semicircle from the north. This is the one... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
This term has other meanings, see Acre (meanings). The city of Acre is Arab. عقرة … Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Acre (meanings). Ancient city Acre Country Ancient Greece ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Acre (meanings). Acre (Aram. Hakra, from other Greek άκρα, “high, fortified place”) the name of one of the quarters of ancient Jerusalem, the so-called “Lower City” (Shuk ha takhton), ... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Library of souls. No Way Out of Home for Peculiar Children, Riggs Ransom. The film based on the first part will be released on big screens in October 2016! The novel was included in The New Your Times bestseller list. The work became the “Choice of the Year” of the world book social...
- Library of Souls No Exit from the Home of Peculiar Children, Riggs R.. Abaton. A mysterious disappeared city, where the souls of great strange people are kept in the library... An ancient legend will remind itself when, in search of kidnapped children, Jacob, Emma and faithful Addison...
Acre - city in Israel, in Western Galilee, on the coast Mediterranean Sea, approximately eighteen kilometers from the city of Haifa. The first mention of Acre dates back to 1456 BC: the name of the city is carved on the wall of the Karnak Temple of Amon in Thebes, among other cities conquered during the first military campaign of Thutmose III. It is known that in the fourteenth century BC the city was captured by the Hittites, but in the thirteenth century BC it was again reconquered by the Egyptians led by Pharaoh Seti I. At that time it was a Canaanite city.
In 701, Acre was captured by Sennacherib, the Assyrian king. After this, the city was under the rule of Babylonia, and then the Achaemenid powers, under which it became a naval base, very important in the war against Egypt.
In 333 BC, Acre was conquered by Alexander the Great and became a Greek colony. Gradually Acre becomes an important port and one of largest cities Hellenistic era.
After the death of Alexander the Great, the city fell under the rule of the Egyptian Ptolemies, who renamed it Ptolemais.
In 219 BC city of Acre becomes part of the Seleucid Empire and receives a new name - Antioch. After the death of Antiochus VII Sidetes, the city, passing from one Hellenistic ruler to another, gradually became independent and received the status of a free Greek polis.
Under Alexander Jannaeus, the Jewish Hasmonean state tried to capture Acre, and Jewish troops even laid siege to the city. However, Acre turned for help to Ptolemy Soter (Lafur), who was not slow to arrive with an army of thirty thousand. After this, the siege was lifted.
In 52-54 BC, through the efforts of Pompey, Acre became the possession of the Roman Empire. Under the Romans, the city significantly expanded its borders. The city retained its importance in the Byzantine era.
In 638, Acre was captured by the Arabs, and a new port was built in the city in 804-868.
In 1104 during the First Crusade Acre was conquered by the crusaders. However, in 1187 the city was taken by Saladin. Four years later, after a two-year siege, the crusaders return Acre to their possessions. The city becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It is surrounded by powerful fortifications and given a new name - Saint-Jean d'Acre. The knightly orders of the Templars, Hospitallers, and then the Teutonic Order built hospitals, residential buildings, warehouses, administrative buildings and churches in the city. The orders of the Crusaders, as well as merchants from Pisa, Genoa, Venice waged endless disputes over spheres of influence in the city. In 1256, an armed conflict took place between the Genoese and Venetians, called the War of St. Sava, and the knights of the orders were gradually drawn into it. As a result, Acre, weakened by civil strife, was captured by the Mamluks in 1291. They destroy the city and massacre many Christians and Jews. After this, Acre existed as a small fishing village for four hundred years and was only rebuilt in the middle of the fourteenth century.
In 1517, Acre was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. Beginning in 1721, the Turks gradually rebuilt the city: they erected a fortress and walls in Acre, built mosques, a Turkish bath, a palace, and a bazaar.
The Nauka TV channel will show the film “Acres. Crimean Atlantis" in Feodosia
On March 10, Hermitage archaeologists, researchers from the Center for Underwater Archeology and the editors of the Science channel will present the premiere of the film “Acres” in Feodosia. Crimean Atlantis"
Press release dated 02/28/2017
On Friday, March 10, the premiere of the film “Acres” will take place in Feodosia. Crimean Atlantis”, prepared by the “Science” channel.
The new film chronicles the archaeological excavations of the ancient city of Acre, founded 2500 years ago. Archaeologists have been unsuccessfully searching for the city for more than a hundred years, since it is hidden under water at a depth of 4 m. In 1982, after the discovery of a coin from the city of Acre by Crimean schoolboy Alexei Kulikov on the Kerch coast, there was hope of finding a historical monument.
A large-scale study of the “Crimean Atlantis” began in 2011 on the initiative of the Hermitage staff. It turned out that the entire territory of the city was covered with sand to a depth of 1.5 m. Ruins of the remains of the settlement were noted throughout almost the entire area of the city. The age of the stone structures found was about 2000 years. At a depth of 4–5 m, fragments of ceramics were found, heaps of large stones without traces of processing, turning into natural ridges - this is where the harbor of the ancient city began. Archaeologists have noted that antique city has hardly lost its integrity. Thanks to this fact, Acre took first place in the region in terms of importance for underwater archaeology.
The study of Acre has acquired paramount importance not only for the study ancient history and the culture of the Black Sea region, but also to improve the methods of underwater archeology.
“During underwater excavations, we found that the walls of the flooded city were preserved at a height of more than one and a half meters. Over six years of research, we have created a detailed plan of the settlement, which allows us to trace the spatial development of Acre in different periods of its history,” says Viktor Vakhoneev, deputy director of the Black Sea Center for Underwater Research, about the results of underwater excavations.
Film "Acre" Crimean Atlantis” clearly shows how archaeologists conduct underwater excavations: what is the technology that leads to success, and why shouldn’t you rush? What is the difference between underwater excavations and classical archaeological research? What artifacts have already been recovered from the bottom of the Black Sea? And how will historians work with them further? The film turned out to be fascinating and entertaining.
During filming, modern video and computer technologies were used. Underwater filming became a separate challenge for the creative team of the Science channel.
“At the press conference we will discuss how to attract archaeoseis scientists to the study of Acre. Among them there are specialists whose experience will refute or confirm the hypothesis about the cataclysm that struck Acre. If a catastrophe really occurred in this area and Acre died suddenly, then destruction also occurred on the territory of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. It is important for the community of historians and archaeologists to know about this,” says the main character of the film, archaeologist Alexey Kulikov, about his expectations from the press conference.
On March 10, there will be a press conference with the main character of the film Alexei Kulikov, director Alexander Konevich, Hermitage specialists and other participants in the film. After the premiere in Feodosia, the film “Acres. Crimean Atlantis" will be seen by subscribers of the CT Premiere service.
Ancient greek city Acre, which is located on the territory of modern Crimea, went under water about a thousand years ago - at the end of the 10th century AD. Local journalists nicknamed it the Crimean Atlantis, because only a few meters of the ancient settlement overlook the land. The city could not be found for more than a hundred years. The fact is that from ancient Greek the word “acre” is translated as “hill” (and here it is difficult not to remember the Acropolis - “upper city”). In addition, ancient authors (Pliny, Strobo, Ariana, Pseudo-Arian) mention Acre as a very small settlement, which led to the formation of two stereotypes among historiographers. Firstly, Acre is a small city, and secondly, it is located on a hill. But in reality, everything turned out to be exactly the opposite. Acre, where about a thousand people lived (at that time - the population of a large city), was an important port city in the south of the Bosporan state, which stood at the foot of Cape Takil - in fact, in the lowland. But all this became clear much later - only about thirty years ago - thanks to chance. Read: In 1982, Crimean schoolboy Alyosha Kulikov found ancient coins on the coast, which, as it turned out, were used local residents 2.5 thousand years ago. Later, having already received an archaeological education, Alexey Vladislavovich Kulikov began researching the ancient city and discovered three households, which were about two thousand years old. In the 1990s, excavations were stopped, but they were resumed quite recently, in 2010, on the initiative of Hermitage staff. For the past six years, archaeologists have been exploring ancient monument ancient architecture - the city of Acre, most of which is under water. This year, the excavation spaces were “drained” for the first time. “For the sixth year in a row, my expedition and I have been systematically exploring the ancient Greek site of Acre. But this year, for the first time, we carried out not only underwater work, but also work on land. More precisely, in the area under the coast: they made a large excavation with an area of one hundred square meters and studied the exits to the preserved underwater coastline remains of the city. We do not see such preservation of architectural remains that we see here anywhere else in the Northern Black Sea region,” comments Viktor Vakhoneev, deputy director of the Black Sea Center for Underwater Research. Every year during the expedition, the scientists’ collection is replenished with amazing artifacts. One of the most important finds is a defensive wall with towers 150 meters long. Interestingly, it is visible even on satellite images. Read: “Acre was founded on a trapezoidal sub-triangular cape, which extended into the waters of the Kerch Strait for about 250 meters. The cape itself was very low. The Greeks settled here as a result of the colonization of the Bosporus in the early 5th century BC. And in the middle of the 4th century BC they crossed the cape with a defensive wall. This protected the city from barbarian raids,” says Viktor Vakhoneev. - We examined the defensive tower for several seasons, and what was our surprise when the base of the tower turned out to be made of huge oak beams in the shape of a cage! There are no known analogues in terrestrial archaeology. Perhaps this building was needed to combat seismicity or groundwater. One way or another, we examined wooden structures that are two and a half thousand years old!” And in 2013, an ancient wooden comb about two thousand years old was discovered in Acre. It is impossible to find such an object within the framework of land-based archaeological excavations: organic matter simply disintegrates over such a long period of time. As for the expedition of the 2016 season, archaeologists managed to collect many artifacts. Alexander Konevich, the author of the film “Acres,” spoke about one of the most significant: Archaeologists found a real home in the remains of an ancient Greek dwelling. Such an artifact is a real success. And one more proof that Acra really was big city, where the inhabitants were permanently located, and not a temporary fortress with massive fortification structures.” In addition, a huge amount of ceramic remains from different times were discovered near the fireplace. Watch about these and other results of the expedition to the city, which is about 2.5 thousand years old, on the “Science” TV channel in November.
(Crimean Atlantis)
Archaeologists have proposed turning underwater ruins in Crimea into a park of world significance.
Russian scientists who are conducting underwater excavations of the ancient city of Acre in Crimea have proposed turning the ruins into a scientific and tourist complex of world significance. At the same time, they told us what they had already managed to dig up, and what still needed to be done.
Acre is a small ancient Greek port city in Crimea, which existed from the end of the 6th century BC. e. to the 4th century AD e. Located in the very southern point Kerch Strait, at the foot of Cape Takil.
The ruins of this ancient city are located in the western part of the Kerch Peninsula in the vicinity of the village of Zavetnoye. Moreover, most of the settlement is under water. Only the western part of the city extends approximately 20 meters onto land. Acre was discovered in 1982. Written sources stop mentioning Acre from the 4th century BC, and the reason is that locality plunged into sea waters.
Local residents who have visited Acre say that the city is rectangular, and they themselves were able to discover masonry and many household items. More precisely, 150 coins from the period of Bosporan rule, seven well-preserved amphorae produced in the 4th century BC, on which the mark of ancient Heraclea is carved, also anchor parts cast from lead, lacquer ceramics, wood parts turned on a lathe, etc. The flooded part of the city is 3.5 hectares. The main part of the ruins of Acre lies at a depth of 4.5 meters, and at a depth of approximately 7.5 meters lies the city harbor.
A thorough examination of Acre revealed a well, the remains of defensive walls, the ruins of two towers and several houses. The city walls are a little more than 1.8 meters high, and only 3-4 rows of masonry remain from the walls of the houses. Various passages and openings, as well as the grid of ancient streets, are still visible. The most solid city building is an impressive tower with a square base of 7x7 meters, while the thickness of the walls is 1.2 meters. At a distance of 600 meters from the embankment, a stone ridge protrudes diagonally towards the shore. Most likely, the inhabitants of Acre tried to resist the onset of water, gradually moving to a higher part of the land, but the water advanced, which the inhabitants could not prevent. Then they left their homes. Map and GPS coordinates Akra settlement in Crimea GPS - N 45 07.997 E 36 25.448
In Simferopol - the transport center of the peninsula - there is international Airport"Simferopol" (SIP). Airplanes arrive here from various Russian cities and abroad (on the Ticket Aero website you can find the flight schedule).
Many airlines operate direct flights from Russian cities to Simferopol, for example, Ural Airlines, Transaero, Orenburg Airlines, VIM-Avia, Red Wings. But most flights from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Kemerovo and other cities are operated by Aeroflot.
For almost two hundred years, Acre could not be found. It was “placed” on almost all high capes at the entrance to the Kerch Strait. But these places did not correspond to the descriptions of the distances between the Bosporan cities, which the Greek peripluses preserved for us. The ancient city was found quite by accident by a simple schoolboy from Kerch. Lesha Kulikov, on the shore of a sandy embankment separating the salty Yanyshskoye Lake from the Kerch Strait, found many coins of the Bosporus Kingdom of various dates. This became the key to solving the mystery of Acre's location. In 1982, professional excavations were carried out, which revealed to humanity a city hidden under water for many hundreds of years. Underwater archaeologists at a depth of four and a half meters discovered an ancient settlement in the form of a trapezoid with an area of at least 4 hectares. To the east of the city, at a depth of seven meters, there was a harbor. Defensive walls, two towers and a well with seven branded amphorae of Herakpeia Pontica, fragments of black-glazed pottery, fragments of a lead anchor rod, and lathe-processed wooden parts of a small table were found.
Things often happen in life that decide your fate. The discovery of Kerch schoolboy Alexei Kulikov not only revealed the ancient flooded city to the world, but also determined the future life of the young man. He graduated from university and became an archaeologist. And in the mid-1990s, a young scientist explored a small land part of Acre. Excavations on the shore were combined with underwater exploration of the flooded areas of the city. On land, buildings dating back to Roman times were studied - three large households. But for the next fifteen years, the city again found itself unfairly forgotten, telling its stories only to dolphins. Since 2011, research has resumed, with both professional scientists and amateur divers doing it. And literally in three years more was explored in Acre than in the previous thirty years. Underwater research in the Black Sea is a complex matter, especially in the strait, the water is often cloudy and visibility is poor. Sometimes you have to work almost by touch. The expedition works at the site from May to early July. While the water had not yet warmed up and the overgrown algae had not covered the seabed with a terry green carpet.
According to scientists, Akra is the only such well-preserved settlement in the entire Black Sea region. And some other ancient coastal cities were flooded, for example, most of Olbia (modern Nikolaev region). But a lot there has been crushed by storms. But Acre was lucky - its location and the geological processes of land subsidence and sea level rise occurred in such a way that they were able to protect the city from destruction. From the materials collected by scientists over the years of research, a certain picture can be drawn. Acre was a completely typical ancient Greek polis with culture and way of life, as in all other ancient settlements of the Black Sea region. The main occupation of its inhabitants was agriculture. Scientists found a wooden comb in good condition at the bottom. On one side there are large teeth, on the other there are smaller ones. The first were intended for combing hair, and the second - for getting rid of annoying insects - lice, since hygiene in those days was at a primitive level. One of the most amazing finds Acres can be called a defensive tower, which has no analogues on other ancient monuments. The tower was decorated with rusticated blocks not only from the outside, but even from the inside. What is most impressive is that this massive structure, about fifty square meters in area, stood on a wooden platform made of huge oak beams. And what’s surprising is that the wood was preserved so well underwater that if these beams were pulled ashore, they could still be used in construction today.
While clearing the bottom, archaeologists find a very large number of objects: coins from various alloys, arrowheads, lead products, wooden plates, kitchen utensils and parts of amphorae. At the bottom, researchers often came across wooden pyxid boxes and other interesting products of ancient craftsmen. What on earth usually decays into dust during this period, here in underwater city, is almost in its original form. The preservation of the structures is also striking: defensive walls up to two meters high, elements of neighborhood development, houses and pavements. It is clear that archaeologists have no problems with artifacts. But they exist in another way. IN Kerch Strait active urbanization has begun - new large ports are being built that can transform the entire hydrological system of the adjacent water area. The currents will change, and Acre, so carefully preserved by the sea for almost two and a half millennia, may simply be washed away. That is why it is necessary to explore it as soon as possible in order to tell the world the reliable story of the “Crimean Atlantis”.
with its ancient settlements, it is a kind of little Hellas. A little worn out, but still there living history, imprinted in every stone of its destroyed walls. And it’s not at all necessary to invent a time machine and fly it to Ancient Greece to feel like a contemporary of Pythagoras or Aristotle. It is enough just to go on an excavation, and you are no longer in the 21st century, but, having passed through an unimaginable thickness of time, somewhere there, in the 5th-4th centuries BC, at the very source of the foundation of ancient Acre. It is not difficult to imagine how Greek aristocrats and ordinary townspeople once walked along these now flooded streets. And now, two and a half thousand years later, curious and brave travelers with a rich imagination will have the opportunity to dive under the water and see ancient Acre with their own eyes. “Crimean Atlantis” is a real miracle, which is hard to believe, but its reality refutes all the absurd talk of skeptics that miracles do not happen. The underwater ancient city is already ready to tell its stories not only to onlooker fish or dolphins, but also to Crimean tourists.
